which of the following describes situational communication competence which of the following describes situational communication competence

The SLII model is divided into two parts: d. Leadership style and follower development level 6. The following is a brief introduction to TeamSTEPPS. How do I know what attitude another person is expressing? Scenario 3. Competent communication means. While waiting in line for a hot lunch, Rafa, a new teacher in the school, overhears Mrs. Holton telling several native Russian-speaking immigrant students to speak only English. You would likely be able to offer some descriptors of how a person would look and act from the following categories: a goth person, a prep, a jock, a fashionista, a hipster. We will learn more about speaking anxiety in Chapter 12 Public Speaking in Various Contexts. When one person leans to the left the next person in line may also lean to the left, and this shift in posture may continue all the way down the line to the end, until someone else makes another movement and the whole line shifts again. Given that deception is so widespread and common, it is estimated that we actually only detect about half the lies that we are told, meaning we all operate on false information without even being aware of it. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. Getting integrated: As was indicated earlier, research shows that instruction in nonverbal communication can lead people to make gains in their nonverbal communication competence. You may find the list of WIDA states at. Some years later, the use of the term was expanded in the United States by Ofelia Garcia (see, for example, Garca & Wei, 2014; Garca & Kleyn, 2016) to refer to the language practices of people who speak more than one language. The use of translanguaging in educational contexts has brought a wealth of both interest and disagreement. Although this may be disappointing to those of you reading who like to think of yourselves as human lie detectors, there are some forces working against our deception detecting abilities. This knowledge of their first language (L1) will greatly enhance their opportunities to learn English. The consequences of denying students first language can be far reaching because language, culture, and identity are inextricably linked. (Eds.) Its not enough to know what good communication consists of; you must also have the motivation to reflect on and better your communication and the skills needed to do so. Faridahs cumulative file holds a copy of the states language proficiency test, which she completed the previous spring. Which of the following is an example of audience? You know I dont mind sharing things with you, and I would totally let you, you know, if I didnt have this thing to do. For example, you might know strategies for being an effective speaker, but public speaking anxiety that kicks in when you get in front of the audience may prevent you from fully putting that knowledge into practice. Thats the English departments jobor the ELL teachers jobnot mine! Garca, O., & Kleyn, T. What are their language proficiency levels? Here we trace the role of anthropologist Edward T. Hall in founding the scholarly field of intercultural communication during the 1951-1955 period when he was at the Foreign Service Institute of the U.S. Department of States.. What two primary characteristics distinguish different migrant groups? Instead, we learn by observing others and through trial and error with our own nonverbal communication. Figure 2.6 Elements and examples of communicative competence. If a student is talking to his professor about his performance in the class and concerns about his grade, the professor may lean forward and nod, encoding a combination of a body orientation and a head movement that conveys attention. Remember, you are not alone. Write one problem on the index card and place in envelope. The first day I had to stay with my little sister because my cousin got sick and my mom took him to the doctor. On the other hand, although there are numerous rules and norms associated with nonverbal communication, we rarely receive explicit instruction on how to do it. Avoid moving people out of the way with only touchpair your touch with a verbal message like excuse me.. The head leaning over and being supported by a hand can typically be decoded as a sign of boredom, the thumb supporting the chin and the index finger touching the head close to the temple or eye as a sign of negative evaluative thoughts, and the chin stroke as a sign that a person is going through a decision-making process (Pease & Pease, 2004). We have already defined communication, and you probably know that to be competent at something means you know what you're doing.When we combine these terms, we get the following definition: communication competence refers to the knowledge of effective and appropriate communication patterns and the ability to use and adapt that knowledge in various contexts (Cooley . The nonverbal messages we encode also help us express our identities and play into impression management, which as we learned in Chapter 1 Introduction to Communication Studies is a key part of communicating to achieve identity goals. Paul Hersey and Ken Blanchard developed the Situational Leadership model in 1969 while working on Management of Organizational Behavior . Since facial expressions are key for emotional communication, you may be able to strategically use your facial expressions to cheer someone up, lighten a mood, or create a more serious and somber tone. Since infringements on others territory can arouse angry reactions and even lead to violence (think of the countless stories of neighbors fighting over a fence or tree), be sensitive to territorial markers. Figure 2.4 Levels of language proficiency All rights reserved. Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (2006). Ernst-Slavit, G. & Slavit, D. (2007). You might cross your arms, a closing-off gesture, and combine that with wrapping your fingers tightly around one bicep and occasionally squeezing, which is a self-touch adaptor that results from anxiety and stress. McKay, M., Martha Davis, and Patrick Fanning, Messages: Communication Skills Book, 2nd ed. Part of being a good listener involves nonverbal-encoding competence, as nonverbal feedback in the form of head nods, eye contact, and posture can signal that a listener is paying attention and the speakers message is received and understood. Of course, as nonverbal cues are layered on, they may contradict other signals, in which case we can turn to context clues to aid our interpretation. In: Egbert, J. For example, a posture may be combined with a touch or eye behavior to create what is called a nonverbal cluster (Pease & Pease, 2004). Suddenly the picture of a bumbling juggler (with himself in the lead role) trying to add one more item to his routine sprang into his mind. What is competent or not varies based on social and cultural context, which makes it impossible to have only one standard for what counts as communication competence (Cooley & Roach, 1984). In a social situation where one personsay, a supervisorhas more power than anotherfor example, his or her employeethen the supervisor is typically the one who sets the standard for competence. To be a competent communicator, you should have cognitive knowledge about communication based on observation and instruction; understand that individual, social, and cultural contexts affect competence; and be able to adapt to those various contexts. Chapter 1: Introduction to Communication Studies, Chapter 6: Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 7: Communication in Relationships, Chapter 11: Informative and Persuasive Speaking, Chapter 12: Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Chapter 14: Leadership, Roles, and Problem Solving in Groups, Chapter 15: Media, Technology, and Communication, Chapter 6 Interpersonal Communication Processes, Chapter 12 Public Speaking in Various Contexts, Next: Chapter 2: Communication and Perception, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. In many introductory communication classes that I teach, a student usually says something like You must be really good at this stuff since you study it and have been teaching it for a while. At the same time students assume that I have a high level of communication competence, they are hard on themselves for being at the stage of conscious incompetence, where they catch themselves communicating poorly in regards to a concept we recently studied. Scenario 2. Reading and writing proficiency may vary depending on students . One of the most common nonverbal signs of deception is speech errors. Which of the following is the goal of Alexia's communication with Mrs. Philips? It was becoming overwhelming to try to fit all of the different and sometimes conflicting objectives together into a coherent lesson. . The use of body language and objects to convey meaning to messages c. A process of offering advice and suggestions and relating similar experiences d. Knowing this allows us to have more control over the trajectory of our communication, possibly allowing us to intervene in a negative cycle. People who sit at the head or center of a table are often chosen to be leaders by others because of their nonverbal accessibilitya decision which may have more to do with where the person chose to sit than the persons perceived or actual leadership abilities. Want to create or adapt books like this? Once you learn more about communication and have a vocabulary to identify concepts, you may find yourself exhibiting conscious incompetence. Language Domains There are four language domains: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Communication, specifically, interpersonal communication, is the personal exchange of information between two or more people. So, to get started on your road to competence, I am proposing that you do two things. A sideways glance, which entails keeping the head and face pointed straight ahead while focusing the eyes to the left or right, has multiple contradictory meanings ranging from interest, to uncertainty, to hostility. c. requires cognitive complexity. August, D., & Shanahan, T. (2017). Recognize when it is appropriate to communicate. In terms of seated posture, leaning back is usually decoded as a sign of informality and indifference, straddling a chair as a sign of dominance (but also some insecurity because the person is protecting the vulnerable front part of his or her body), and leaning forward as a signal of interest and attentiveness. Hymes, D. (1972). In modern times, communication scholars and teachers have worked hard to understand and describe what it means to be a competent communicator. When breaches of personal space occur, it is a social norm to make nonverbal adjustments such as lowering our level of immediacy, changing our body orientations, and using objects to separate ourselves from others. Can I think of another way to express my ideas if I cant remember the right word? Pike (1982), notes that [l]anguage is not merely a set of unrelated sounds, clauses, rules, and meanings; it is a total coherent system of these integrating with each other, and with behavior, context, universe of discourse, and observer perspective (p. 44). Congruent nonverbal communication is more credible and effective than ambiguous or conflicting nonverbal cues. Take deep breaths. A traditional front-facing business or educational setup is designed for one person to communicate with a larger audience. Many students note that some of what we learn in communication classes is common sense. I agree with this observation in some cases but disagree with it in others. Figure 2.3 Acquisition of English features Studies also show that an increase in verbal pitch is associated with deception and is likely caused by heightened arousal and tension. Many educators working on issues of language educationthe development of additional languages for all, as well as minoritized languageshave embraced translanguaging theory and pedagogy. Illustrators make our verbal communication more engaging. Which of the following is a benefit of oral communication over written communication? Communicative competence does not apply only to oral language. Listeners should also avoid distracting movements in the form of self, other, and object adaptors. Boston: Heinle & Heinle. Of course, skilled and experienced deceivers develop new scripts that can also become familiar and comfortable and allow them to engage in deception without arousing as much anxiety or triggering the physical reactions to it (Andersen, 1999). Research has also found that students who are more nonverbally expressive are liked more by their teachers and are more likely to have their requests met by their teachers (Mottet et al., 2004). Characteristics of Communicative Competence (London: Routledge, 2011), 81. Some key components include motivation, self- and other knowledge, and tolerance for uncertainty. While many states have developed their own sets of standards and may use four, five, or six proficiency levels or apply different labels for each stage (e.g., beginning, early intermediate, intermediate, early advanced, and advanced), the standards outline the progression of English language development in the four domains of listening, speaking, reading, and writing through each of the different levels from novice to proficient. 30 seconds. A politician is questioned by a reporter about allegations that she used taxpayer money to fund personal vacations. As the idiosyncratic communicator inches toward his or her conversational partner, the partner may inch back to reestablish the interpersonal distance norm. After all, youve spent many years explicitly and implicitly learning to communicate. can produce clear, smoothly flowing, well-structured texts of differing lengths and degrees of linguistic complexity. Norton (1997) claims that, [t]he central questions teachers need to ask are not, What is the learners mother tongue? and Is the learner a native speaker of Punjabi? Rather the teacher should ask, What is the learners linguistic repertoire? Mottet, T. P., Steven A. Beebe, Paul C. Raffeld, and Michelle L. Paulsel, The Effects of Student Verbal and Nonverbal Responsiveness on Teachers Liking of Students and Willingness to Comply with Student Requests, Communication Quarterly 52, no. Behaviors mistakenly linked to deception include longer response times, slower speech rates, decreased eye contact, increased body movements, excessive swallowing, and less smiling. ELLs may come with writing styles and usages that are influenced by their home cultures. But displaying the thumb or thumbs while the rest of the hand is in the pocket is a signal of a dominant or authoritative attitude. initially have limited or no understanding of English. While Urdu was the home language mentioned in the census and in the childrens school records, in this household there is not one home language but a full range of language practices used fluidly according to the speaker, purpose, and context (Ernst-Slavit, 2018). I did look at several websites, but I didnt directly quote anything so I didnt think I needed to put the citations in parentheses. As he says this, he rubs the back of his neck and then scratches his face and only makes minimal eye contact with the professor. 3 (2009): 260. To make sure someone is available for interaction and to avoid being perceived as rude, it is usually a good idea to catch their eye before you start talking to them. Just because you reach the stage of unconscious competence in one area or with one person does not mean you will always stay there. Out of the skills listed, which ones are you more competent in and less competent in? Instead, he or she would likely start with one and then layer more cues on as the feelings intensified. This is just the beginning of our conversation about communication competence. Prepare, prepare, prepare! When combined with a furrowed brow it generally conveys uncertainty. Source:PreK-12 English Language Proficiency Standards by TESOL. How would you do this differently to improve situational monitoring. Both are commonly experienced by most people and can be managed using various strategies. Situation Monitoring: Good Teamwork in the Medical Office. Specifically, this module will address the Communication and Situational Monitoring pillars of TeamSTEPPS. The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Literature and Composition: Reading, Writing,Thinking, Carol Jago, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses. Also realize that the norms and expectations for sending nonverbal messages, especially touch and personal space, vary widely between relational and professional contexts. (Dont just practice for your cat.). Getting Started on Your Road to Communication Competence, The Getting Competent boxes throughout this book are meant to help you become a more confident and skilled communicator. Although these four domains are interrelated, they can develop at different rates and independently of one another.