ninhydrin fingerprint procedure ninhydrin fingerprint procedure

xref Your email address will not be published. All rights reserved. It is effective because the terminal amines of a lysine residue in both proteins and peptides sloughed off in fingerprints and react with the said chemical. carton, wall-paper, latex painted walls). The Vedantu app and website contain free study materials. endobj 0000027156 00000 n document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. To distinguish between amino acids and carbohydrates. 0000003500 00000 n The ninhydrin test can be used to see fingerprints. This chemical is added to a solution of the sample compound. Ninhydrin is an amino acid developing reagent that is applied by dipping, brushing or spraying. Ninhydrin test is used by SSDs for residual protection detection on re-usable surgical instruments. One test tube for the test solution and 1 test tube with distilled water as a control. Therefore, the application of Ninhydrin plays an important role in the collection of evidence. Therefore, a separate analysis is needed to identify amino acids that may react or not react with ninhydrin. A treatment with ninhydrin would result in a dramatic purple color. Cover the tubes with caps on top and incubate at 90C for 17 minutes or boiling water bath for 20 minutes. Download App. If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. Ninhydrin is the most preferred chemical for the visualization of fingerprints on porous materials and paper as it reacts with the amino acids in the sweat left behind in a fingerprint. Ninhydrin solution is prepared by dissolving 0.2 g of ninhydrin per 10 ml of a carrier solvent such as alcohol or acetone. The formation of a deep blue color within the test sample is an indication that the analyte contains ammonia, primary/secondary amino acids, or both. The absence of the complex in the tube represents a negative result and indicates the lack of amino acids in the sample. The easiest solvent to obtain is acetone, which is available at any paint store. This part react with the ninhydrin and forms a color compound. Ninhydrin Method:- The development of the latent prints with ninhydrin depends on the traces of amino acid present in the sweat residue. 0000021144 00000 n 3.8.8 Procedure 1. It is used to check a solution suspected of having ammonium ion. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. From the graph we can calculate the concentration of unknown samples. Ninhydrin Test Procedure First, a 2% solution of ninhydrin must be prepared by dissolving 0.2 grams of ninhydrin in 10ml of either ethanol or acetone. All amino acids can perform a ninhydrin-test. This test is essentially meant to verify the presence of an amino group in the given test sample. In this test, we use the reagent known as ninhydrin which is a compound with the formula C. . Next, we prepare a 1% solution of the test compound using distilled water. (2015). After the publication of the Crown formulation in 1969, and others, it became the most widely used reagent on paper, cardboard, and some other porous materials such as raw smooth wood. More so, ninhydrin as a reagent is used to detect amino acids on a chromatogram. It was originally used primarily to establish ownership or identity, since a fingerprint is effectively a forge-proof signature. Organic chemistry consists of several tests for qualitative analysis of the compounds. Ninhydrin is also essential in forensic science and a material used in organic synthesis. It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. If the solution develops a deep blue or purplish colour, we have a positive ninhydrin test. Mix 1 ml of the ninhydrin-reagent with 5 ml solvent diluent to each tube. Ninhydrin test is used in both quantitative and qualitative purposes such as chromatographic visualization and peptide sequencing. Ninhydrin reacts with the -amino group of primary amino acids producing Ruhemanns purple. Upon reaction with these amines, ninhydrin gets converted into deep blue or purple derivatives, which are called Ruhemann's purple. However, since the late nineteenth century, the most well-known use of fingerprinting has been in criminal forensics, where fingerprints lifted from surfaces at crime scenes or from pieces of evidence are used to place suspects at that location or with that object. This test is the result of the reaction of the amino group of the unbound amino acid with ninhydrin. However, some amino acids like proline and hydroxyproline do not lead to the production of blue or purple substances. 0000012993 00000 n To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. For the former, create some fresh fingerprint specimens using the procedure described in the preceding lab session. By the end of the reaction, a diketohydrin complex is formed which has a deep purple color. startxref If the color of the solution changes to a deep blue colouration, we have a positive ninhydrin test result. In this article, we will discuss the ninhydrin test reaction in detail. Methyl Alcohol (methanol) works well, also. 2023 Microbe Notes. Arginine reacts readily with ninhydrin but it is not a protein and would be considered inappropriate as a control by most analysts. In this, ninhydrin solution is sprayed over fingerprints then the ninhydrin reacts with amino acid in the residue of fingerprints . Prepare a standard curve of absorbance against amino acid concentration. It was discovered by a German-English chemist Siefried Ruhemann in 1910. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing. One test-tube should contain 1 ml standard protein solution and one tube with 1 ml test sample. For several centuries, dating back to about 1750 B.C., fingerprints have been recognized as a method of identifying people. Ask students to make a set of fingerprints on a sheet of blotting or filter paper. Ninhydrin has been used since the 1950's to develop finperprints. The strongly colored compound that is then formed is called Ruhemanns purple. This will prevent the fingerprints from "running." 3. Ninhydrin test is extremely sensitive that it can be used to visualize fingerprints. Many bioanalytical procedures use ninhydrin, especially for amino acid analysis method. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Ninhydrin is the most preferred chemical for the visualization of fingerprints on porous materials and paper as it reacts with the amino acids in the sweat left behind in a fingerprint. Made with by Sagar Aryal. This procedure should be done in a fume hood, to avoid breathing the fumes and the possi- Thus, it refers to the name of Ruhemanns Purpur. The reaction takes place between the amino group in the sample compound and the ninhydrin reagent. A ninhydrin test results in blue when that nitrogen is deprotected. >GLYCINE Ninhydrin is a chemical compound used for the detection of ammonia. While the components in the fingerprint deposit which are sensitive to PD have not been identified, they are supposed to be waxy or fatty material. NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 11 Business Studies, NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 9 Social Science, NCERT Solutions for Class 8 Social Science, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 12, CBSE Previous Year Question Papers Class 10. >GELATIN Also, unprocessed ninhydrin stays on the exhibit, which might cause new fingerprints in case of careless handling, which are only seen days later. Ninhydrin reacts with the amino group of the free amino acid in the test sample and oxidizes the compound, leading to delamination. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. . It is helpful in monitoring deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis. They usually yield to a brown colored product. A solution suspected of containing the ammonium ion can be examined with ninhydrin by dotting it onto a solid support (such as silica gel); if the solution contains this species, treatment with ninhydrin should result in vivid purple colour. This coloured complex is what we call Ruhemann's purple, and this gives our solution the deep blue colouration. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. The chemical reaction involved in the ninhydrin reaction mechanism is as shown below. 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On the other hand, asparagine would result in brown color. A treatment with ninhydrin would result in a dramatic purple color. When Ninhydrin gets in contact with those substances, it reacts with creating a blue violet-red brownish colorant which makes them visible. With all amino acids except proline and hydroproline, the resultant color is blue/purple/violet. 0000008118 00000 n Gelatin turned out yellow-ish which indicates a positive test for proline, but negative for amino acids. 0000004370 00000 n 0000002292 00000 n Mackenzie de la Hunty (University of Technology Sydney) demonstrates the reagent ninhydrin and its use to stain fingerprints through a chemical reaction.100 Reactions for RACI100 is a project launched by the Royal Australian Chemical Institute (RACI) in celebration of the Institute's centenary (#RACI100) in 2017. . To detect amino acids on thin later chromatographic plates, various types of reagents are used and one of them is ninhydrin. Usually, if any fingerprints are present, the silver metal is preferentially deposited on them; they develop as dark gray images on a lighter background. When the surface is exposed to ninhydrin, the amino acids are converted into visibly coloured products, revealing the print. Ninhydrin is used in many bioanalytical processes, including the amino acid analysis method. It is used in the analysis of amino acids in proteins. 5. What is the principle of the ninhydrin test? Chemical Reactions - Description, Concepts, Types, Examples and FAQs, Annealing - Explanation, Types, Simulation and FAQs, Classification of Drugs Based on Pharmacological Effect, Drug Action, Uses of Rayon - Meaning, Properties, Sources, and FAQs, Reverberatory Furnace - History, Construction, Operation, Advantages and Disadvantages, 118 Elements and Their Symbols and Atomic Numbers, Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number above 100, Find Best Teacher for Online Tuition on Vedantu. 2% https://www.answers.com/Q/Account_for_the_formation_of_precipitate_in_the_test_for_purines. 0000008761 00000 n Ninhydrin reacts with compounds containing amine such as proteins in the blood. As a result, indane-1,2,3-trione rapidly interacts with nucleophiles, such as water. Image 2: A ninhydrin test is used to detect fingerprints. I did not test Casseine, but it contains proline amino acids so i would say it would color yellow. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemanns purple. The ninhydrin reaction is essentially a redox reaction. It plays an important role in monitoring deprotection in solid-phase peptide synthesis. The detergent prevents the premature deposition of silver metal. Therefore making the fingerprint visible. What are the requirements for the ninhydrin test? It is usually used by forensic investigators in the analysis of fingerprints on porous surfaces. The NH3 reacts with the ninhydrin molecule, resulting in the formation a blue substance. #022: Ninhydrin Development of Fingerprints RACInational 2.06K subscribers Subscribe 62K views 5 years ago Mackenzie de la Hunty (University of Technology Sydney) demonstrates the reagent. Some amino acid chains degrade. The ninhydrin reaction is a qualitative analysis test of hydrocarbons. thanks for the literature that is very educative. Ninhydrin reacts not only reacts with -amino groups but also with nitrogen in ammonia and other free amines. 0000005607 00000 n The major drawback to these solvents is that they dissolve or run most inks. Diluent solvent (for the quantitative test): Mix equal volumes of water and n-propanol. It reacts with the amino group of the compound, leading to delamination. The procedure must be done in a chamber or in a secure location where the temperature is around 80F and around 80% humidity. After the Ninhydrin had dried on the exhibit for a few minutes, it should be hung up freely in a closed container for about 48h to allow its complete development (complete reaction). Take 1 ml of standard protein solution in one test tube and 1 ml of the test sample in another dry test tube. (6, 7, and 8). In this test, we use the reagent known as ninhydrin which is a compound with the formula C9H6O4. The formed NH3 reacts with the molecule of ninhydrin resulting in the formation of a blue substance. Next, we place our test tube in a warm water bath for a few minutes. A fingermark that contains amino acid is treated with ninhydrin solution, which results in a purple amino acid finger ridge pattern. 0000000996 00000 n Download our Microbiology Note app from play Store. 0000028655 00000 n One of these is ninhydrin. Its presence causes the amino acids to undergo oxidative deamination, releasing ammonia, and reduces the formation of ninhydrin. However, this method works with porous (i.e. 1.4 The procedure of the Ninhydrin Test. -amino group is responsible for the color development in a ninhydrin test. The reaction causes the production of an intense purple dye called Ruhemann's purple (see the above image for an example). However, this might cause worse results because the fingerprints may be more blurry. Ninhydrin is the most widely used chemical reagent for the detection of latent fingermarks on porous surfaces such as paper and cardboard. When the chemical contacts the fat, it turns the print a brownish color. Discuss the Mechanism of the Ninhydrin Reaction. We let the test tube rest for a few minutes in a water bath at a slightly higher temperature. Appended are an equipment list, chemicals, useful addresses, and eight bibliographic listings. The resulting color is still blue or purple/violet with all amino acids with the exception of proline and hydroxyproline, which causes the color to turn yellow. 0000000016 00000 n The other fingerprint enhancing method is . This report describes the technique for using a reagent called a physical developer to use subsequent to the application of ninhydrin where ninhydrin has failed to produce useful fingerprints on paper. This sequence causes more overall amino acid reactions, probably because IND-Zn aids in their release from the surface for the succeeding ninhydrin reaction. The rest of the tubes 2-9 are for the construction of a standard curve. Ninhydrin reacts with not only a-amino group but also nitrogen in ammonia or other free amines. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4 ). Now, the released ammonia further reacts with the ninhydrin giving rise to di-ketohydrin, which forms a coloured complex. 3. By IUPAC nomenclature standards, ninhydrin is also called 2,2-di-hydroxyindane-1,3-dione. Ninhydrin test is used to detect the presence of amino acids in unknown samples. Explain What You Mean By Ninhydrin Test. There are many methods of detecting fingerprints. 1.4.2 For quantitative analysis. As the ninhydrin test is quite sensitive, it is commonly used to detect fingerprints. <<72E0973270A7B2110A0070004DA1FD7F>]/Prev 458177>> However, its power comes with a few disadvantages. paper, cardboard, newspaper) and non-porous surfaces, like glass and plastic. In 1954, another method for detecting fingerprints started to see use: ninhydrin application. The ninhydrin testing can be used for quantitative and qualitative purposes, i.e. These are ammonia (NH. When paper is immersed in this solution, metallic silver is deposited on its surface. Amino acids react with ninhydrin, which results in discoloration. This test consists of a chemical reaction that determines whether a sample compound contains amines or alpha-amino acids. hb```e`` @9nxA[00Jo6ga``29yeUX*Y^K8:@M'SZ,7dTklzzzX|. Please submit your question in appropriate category. 0000006482 00000 n In this method, fingerprints on paper have always been considered a great nuisance, and one is. Place the test tubes in the water bath for 5 minutes and then allow cooling to room temperature. Indane-1,2,3-trione hydrate can be considered to be ninhydrin. Now a 1% solution of the amino acid (analyte) in distilled water must be prepared. Amino acids gives Deep purple colour with ninhydrin test. Image 3: The test tubes reveals a positive ninhydrin test. A reagent called physical developer (PD) has been developed by Great Britain's Atomic Weapons Research Establishment under contract to the Police Scientific Development Branch for use when ninhydrin fails to yield prints. Because amino-acid residues are connected with their N-terminus protected, the test yields a colourless or yellow result if the next residue is correctly coupled onto the chain. And also, Proline and hydroxyproline give a yellow spot upon reaction with Nihhydrin, This color difference is due to the lack of a primary amine that all of the other protein amino acids have. The presence of a purple-colored complex in the tube represents a positive result and indicates the presence of amino acid in the sample. 0000006880 00000 n A. This reaction indicates the presence of amino acids, other amines and ammonia in the test sample. This color verifies the presence of amines and gives us a positive ninhydrin test. Its presence causes the amino acid to go through oxidative deamination liberating ammonia and reduces the formation of ninhydrin. This reagent acts as an oxidizing agent for compounds containing an amino group. In this reaction, two gasses get released. The Ninhydrin test is not effective to detect high molecular weight proteins as the steric hindrance limits the ninhydrin from reaching the -amino groups. Paper treated with ninhydrin reagent reveals latent prints after being processed with a household steam iron. Ninhydrin is the most commonly used reagent for the visualization of latent fingerprints on paper; however, there are instances when treatment with ninhydrin will not show useful marks because some people do not deposit sufficient quantities of amino acids to produce a visible reaction with ninhydrin or because the paper may have been kept in a humid atmosphere or wetted since a mark was . Fingerprint Enhancing Methods Chada Marshall Criminal Justice, Post University CRJ213: Fingerprinting Professor . The main reactant in this process is ninhydrin, which is a hydrocarbon with the formula C9H6O4. Ninhydrin test is used to detect the presence of amino acids in unknown samples. https://www.onlinebiologynotes.com/ninhydrin-test-principle-requirements-procedure-and-result/, https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf030490p, https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/ninhydrin-reaction, https://unacademy.com/content/jee/study-material/chemistry/ninhydrin-test/, http://biocheminfo.com/2020/04/03/ninhydrin-test-principle-reaction-reagents-procedure-and-result-interpretation/. 0000006050 00000 n 2. Now add a few drops of ninhydrin reagent and incubate both test tubes in a warm water bath for about 5 minutes. 165 0 obj As a result, the central carbon of a 1,2,3-tricarbonyl molecule is substantially more electrophilic than a ketone's central carbon. 0000001603 00000 n 1.4.1 For qualitative analysis. With the existence of amino acids in our sweat and hence in our fingerprints, it is possible to make latent prints visible with Ninhydrin. Keep them in the water bath for five minutes, then let them cool down to room temperature. Fingerprints that had been developed by ninhydrin were further enhanced by processing with IND. Ruhemann purpura is the name for the strong compound which is formed by ninhydrin. Accepted Deviations: Several alcohols may be used as the carrier solvent. For the construction of a standard curve, take a tube, marked as one blank that contains 1ml of pure distilled water. We provide you year-long structured coaching classes for CBSE and ICSE Board & JEE and NEET entrance exam preparation at affordable tuition fees, with an exclusive session for clearing doubts, ensuring that neither you nor the topics remain unattended. The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4).The chemical processes involved are quite complex and development conditions, such as temperature . Also included are processing sequences that specifically involve prints that are left in blood. Ninhydrin is a strong oxidising agent when it reacts with alpha amino acids gives purple color which is known as ruhemanns purple complex, this is the result of the reaction of ninhydrin and amines present in the primary amino acids, prolin has a ring structure so nitrogen is not free to react with the ninhydrin as it is locked in the ring structure hence unable to produce purple complex and gives yellow color. Ninhydrin is the most well known and most used reagent for visualization of fingerprints on paper and other porous materials (e.g. What is ninhydrin fingerprint method? Cap the tubes and place them in an incubator at 90degC for 17 minutes or in a hot boiling water bath for 20 min. Most amino acids are hydrolyzed and react with ninhydrin with the exception of proline. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. It plays an important role in the design and synthesis of different frameworks, especially in the preparation of heterocyclic compounds like anticancer agents. She is particularly interested in studies regarding antibiotic resistance with a focus on drug discovery. Our chambers are capable of reaching temperatures of up to 50C (122F) with relative humidity up to 90%, conditions which reduces the reaction time from days to minutes. A ninhydrin test is a general test performed by all amino acids. It was in 1954 when two investigators; Oden and von Hofsten proposed the use of ninhydrin in the development of latent fingerprints. Ninhydrin is a chemical compound which proves the presence of amino acids and specific proteins. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemann's purple. Cool the tubes to room temperature and measure the optical density of the solutions at 570 nm (440 nm for proline and hydroxyproline) against a blank. One argument is its higher total cost of processing when compared to other latent print treatments. An equivalent number of the test solution and distilled water, both 1 ml is put in a dry test tube. Lastly, ninhydrin is a helpful tool in geochronology, a special field of science that focuses on determining the age of fossils. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. 0000001581 00000 n The following are the steps we carry out to run the ninhydrin test: We begin with a 2% solution of ninhydrin which we prepare by dissolving 0.2g of ninhydrin per 10ml of a carrier solvent such as acetone or ethanol. Ninhydrin is the preferred chemical for visualizing fingerprints on porous materials and papers, as it reacts with the sweat-retained amino acids. The use of 5-MTN for development of fingerprints is identical to the procedure for ordinary ninhydrin. One such test is the ninhydrin test reaction. The objective of carrying out a ninhydrin test is to verify the presence of an amino group in the given compound. Ninhydrin is the most commonly used reagent for the visualization of latent fingerprints on paper; however, there are instances when treatment with ninhydrin will not show useful marks because some people do not deposit sufficient quantities of amino acids to produce a visible reaction with ninhydrin or because the paper may have been kept in a humid atmosphere or wetted since a mark was deposited. Because of the steric hindrance, the Ninhydrin test cannot detect high molecular-weight proteins. As you know, ninhydrin is a strong oxidizing agent. The partial positive charge on a carbonyl's carbon atom is amplified by surrounding electron-withdrawing groups like carbonyl itself. Before ninhydrin, a solution of 1,2-indandione and zinc chloride (IND-Zn) can be used to improve the ability of ninhydrin. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2022 LaboratoryInfo.com. The strong compound formed by ninhydrin is called Ruhemann purpura. Proline and hydroxyproline do not cause blue or violet discoloration. >CASSEINE HYDROLYSYLASE. Fingerprints mainly consist of sweat residues and include proteins. Detailed discussions are provided for the procedure of incorporating PD into the examination of paper, the preparation and use of PD, and the radioactive toning process. Spray, dip or brush Ninhydrin onto the specimen. 0000003204 00000 n We do this by taking 0.2g of ninhydrin and dissolve it in 10ml of the solvent. Manage Settings The compound reacts with the amino acid (eccrine) component of the fingerprint deposit to give a dark purple product known as Ruhemann's purple (Figure 4). The ninhydrin test is used for testing if a protein has been digested or broken down. Ninhydrin is the preferred chemical for visualizing fingerprints on porous materials and papers, as it reacts with the sweat-retained amino acids. The reagent can also be employed in thin layer chromatography (TLC) to analyse a chemical reaction (usually 0.2 per cent solution in either n-butanol or ethanol). Instead, they produce color yellow. Hence, a separate analysis is needed in order to identify amino acids that may react or not react with ninhydrin at all. Mix 1% of amino acid solution in distilled water. The directions are specific and should be followed step by step to achieve the desired . The steps to carry out the reaction are as follows: We prepare a 2% solution of ninhydrin using a carrier solvent such as acetone or ethanol. The ninhydrin reaction is essentially a redox reaction. If nitrogen is deprotected, the ninhydrin test turns blue. The site owner may have set restrictions that prevent you from accessing the site. Determine the amount of amino acid in the unknown sample by plotting a standard curve of A570 on the Y-axis and concentration of amino acid on the X-axis. Both test tubes should be poured with a few drops of 2% ninhydrin. Bluish to purplish discoloration is produced by the a-amino acids while yellow to orange discoloration is caused by secondary amine like proline. This frequently adopted process requires a 2% solution of Ninhydrin mixed with an organic solvent (usually acetone) and further supplements, like acetic acid. 0000026744 00000 n There are other variations of the ninhydrin test reaction, such as: If the test sample contains proteinogenic amino acids such as proline, the colouration obtained is yellow. Amino acids react with ninhydrin, which results in discoloration. 0000005156 00000 n %PDF-1.7 % Overview of Amino Acid Reaction With Ninhydrin. Similarly, proteins with a free amind group like asparagine, react with the ninhydrin reagent to form a brown colored product. It is used in the analysis of amino acids in proteins. I did a lab test on some of these. 1% https://vlab.amrita.edu/?sub=3&brch=63&sim=1094&cnt=1, 1% https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninhydrin_assay, 1% https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch19/oxred_3.php, 1% https://breakingbiochem.wordpress.com/tag/tests-for-amino-acids/, 1% https://biochemden.com/anthrone-method-carbohydrate-determination/, 1% https://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060922055141AADsDD1, <1% https://www.ukessays.com/essays/biology/quantitative-tests-for-amino-acids-and-proteins-biology-essay.php, <1% https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-08/documents/method_365-3_1978.pdf, <1% http://www.jbc.org/content/200/2/803.full.pdf, <1% http://www.allometric.com/tom/courses/bil255/bil255goods/03_proteins.html, <1% http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/Unilever/16-18/proteins/Protch2pg5.html, <1% http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/courses/wpmu/chem2204/files/2011/01/Techniques_and_Practice_3.pdf, Result and Interpretation of Ninhydrin Test, Biopesticides- Definition, 3 Types, and Advantages, OF Test- Oxidation/Oxidative-Fermentation/Fermentative Test, Novobiocin Susceptibility Test- Principle, Procedure, Results, Nitrate Reduction Test- Principle, Procedure, Types, Results, Uses, Nosocomial Infections (hospital-acquired infections). This test is also used in solid-phase peptide synthesis to monitor the protection for amino acid analysis of proteins.