Mansa Musa Keita was succeeded by his son, Maghan Keita I, in 1337. While in Cairo, Mansa Musa met with the Sultan of Egypt, and his caravan spent and gave away so much gold that the overall value of gold decreased in Egypt for the next 12 years. In the interregnum following Sunjata's death, the jomba or court slaves may have held power. This can be interpreted as either "Musa son of Abu Bakr" or "Musa descendant of Abu Bakr." This trend would continue into colonial times against Tukulor enemies from the west.[121]. With a global population of some 11 million, the Mandinka are the best-known ethnic group of the Mande peoples, all of whom speak different dialects of the Mande language. The empire began as a small Mandinka kingdom at the upper reaches of the Niger River, centered around the Manding region. [90] CelebrityNetWorth has been criticized for the unreliability of its estimates. Available from http://incompetech.com. Mansa Ms, either the grandson or the grandnephew of Sundiata, the founder of his dynasty, came to the throne in 1307. A city called Dieriba or Dioliba is sometimes mentioned as the capital or main urban center of the province of Mande in the years before Sundiata, that was later abandoned. The earliest document mentioning the mosque is Abd al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan, which gives the early history, presumably from the oral tradition as it existed in the mid seventeenth century. Ibn Battuta mentions that the value of salt increased fourfold when transported between Oualata and the Malian capital. The University of Sankore in Timbuktu was restaffed under Musa's reign with jurists, astronomers, and mathematicians. We care about our planet! [81] He was replaced by Abu Bakr, a son of Sunjata's daughter. After the publication of this atlas, Mansa Musa became cemented in the global imagination as a figure of stupendous wealth.After his return from Mecca, Mansa Musa began to revitalize cities in his kingdom. There are a few references to Mali in early Islamic literature. This enabled him to rule over a realm larger than even the Ghana Empire in its apex. A kl-koun led free troops into battle alongside a farima ("brave man") during campaign. His name was Mansa Musa, and he was a devout Muslim. Although this time in the kingdom was prosperous, Mali's wealth and power soon declined. UsefulCharts, . [18], In the Songhai language, rulers of Mali such as Musa were known as the Mali-koi, koi being a title that conveyed authority over a region: in other words, the "ruler of Mali". [18][16], Another hypothesis suggests that the name Mali is derived from Mand mali "hippopotamus", an animal that had special significance to the Keitas, and that Mand means "little manatee". The only Mandinka power spared from the campaign was Kangaba. Like two mansolu (rulers of Mali) before him, Ms I undertook the hajj as an act of devotion in line with Islamic tradition. [76] The latter possibility is corroborated by Ibn Khaldun calling Suleyman Musa's son in that passage, suggesting he may have confused Musa's brother Suleyman with Musa's son Maghan. Dates: 4001591 C. E.", "Is Mansa Musa the richest man who ever lived? An army was required to guard the borders to protect its flourishing trade. [40], Various sources cite several other cities as capitals of the Mali Empire, some in competition with the Niani hypothesis and others addressing different time periods. published on 17 October 2020. [116] Songhai authority over Bendugu and Kala declined by 1571, and Mali may have been able to reassert some authority over them. In 1481, Fula raids against Mali's Tekrur provinces began. [70] Little is known of him except that he only reigned two years. Much of the history is oral, given by professional "historians". [84] Then an enslaved court official, Sakura, seized power. However, it went through radical changes before reaching the legendary proportions proclaimed by its subjects. Al-Umari reported that Mali had fourteen provinces. The other major source of information comes from Mandinka oral tradition, as recorded by storytellers known as griots.[5]. Mansa Musa returned from Mecca with several Islamic scholars, including direct descendants of the prophet Muhammad and an Andalusian poet and architect by the name of Abu Es Haq es Saheli, who is . At the local level (village, town and city), kun-tiguis elected a dougou-tigui (village-master) from a bloodline descended from that locality's semi-mythical founder. The farba could also take power away from the native administration if required and raise an army in the area for defence or putting down rebellions.[130]. [99] The gold Musa brought on his pilgrimage probably represented years of accumulated tribute that Musa would have spent much of his early reign gathering. Muhummed's three wivesMarva Barfield, Laura Cowan, and Adrienne Easterwere also sexually assaulted, beaten, and imprisoned; Barfield participated in the children's abuse at Muhummed's instruction, and Cowan has also been accused of participating in the abuse. [100], Arabic writers, such as Ibn Battuta and Abdallah ibn Asad al-Yafii, praised Musa's generosity, virtue, and intelligence. Musa's name Kanku Musa means "Musa son of Kanku", but the genealogy may not be literal. The architectural crafts in Granada had reached their zenith by the fourteenth century, and its extremely unlikely that a cultured and wealthy poet would have had anything more than a dilettante's knowledge of the intricacies of contemporary architectural practice. [115], Mali's fortunes seem to have improved in the second half of the 16th century. [59] Those not living in the mountains formed small city-states such as Toron, Ka-Ba and Niani. [81] The territory of the Mali Empire was at its height during the reigns of Musa and his brother Sulayman, and covered the Sudan-Sahel region of West Africa. 4. Musa stayed in the Qarafa district of Cairo, and befriended its governor, Ibn Amir Hajib, who learned much about Mali from him. Mansa Musa was immensely wealthy (whether he can be regarded as personally wealthy or wealthy because he controlled the gold mines of Mali is, of course, a . The child of this marriage received the first name of his mother (Sogolon) and the surname of his father (Djata). [82], Musa is less renowned in Mand oral tradition as performed by the jeliw. The Catalan Atlas, published in 1375, depicts the richest man of his day: Mansa Musa, the emperor of 14th-century Mali. Extensive archaeological digs have shown that the area was an important trade and manufacturing center in the 15th century, but no firm evidence of royal residence has come to light. Nobody lived in the area except the Musafa servants who worked to dig the salts and lived on dates imported from Sijilmasa and the Dar'a valley, camel meat and millet imported from the Sudan. But more reasoned analysis suggests that his role, if any, was quite limited. [74] The combined forces of northern and southern Manden defeated the Sosso army at the Battle of Kirina (then known as Krina) in approximately 1235. The Malian and Moroccan armies fought at Jenne on 26 April, the last day of Ramadan, and the Moroccans were victorious thanks to their firearms and Bukar's support, but Mahmud was able to escape. [86] After Sakura's death, power returned to the line of Sunjata, with Wali's son Qu taking the throne. Returning with the combined armies of Mema, Wagadou and all the rebellious Mandinka city-states, Maghan Sundiata led a revolt against the Kaniaga Kingdom around 1234. Mansa Musa, also known as Musa Keita I of Mali, was the tenth Sultan of the Mali Empire. The Portuguese decided to stay out of the conflict and the talks concluded by 1495 without an alliance.[110]. He made a pilgrimage to Mecca during the reign of Mamluk Sultan An-Nasir Muhammad (r. 12981308), but died on his voyage home. [3] During the 11th and 12th centuries, an empire began to develop following the decline of the Ghana Empire, or Wagadu, to the north. Musa and his entourage arrived at the outskirts of Cairo in July 1324. The Mali Empire (Manding: Mand or Manden; Arabic: , romanized: Ml) was an empire in West Africa from c. 1226 to 1670. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. Musa not only gave to the cities he passed on the way to Mecca, including Cairo and Medina, but also traded gold for souvenirs. [20] Additional information comes from two 17th-century manuscripts written in Timbuktu, the Tarikh Ibn al-Mukhtar[c] and the Tarikh al-Sudan. Musa's death may have occurred in 1337, 1332, or possibly even earlier, giving 1307 or 1312 as plausible approximate years of accession. [70], The number and frequency of conquests in the late 13th century and throughout the 14th century indicate the Kolonkan mansas inherited and/or developed a capable military. A dknsi performed the same function except with slave troops called sofa ("guardian of the horse") and under the command of a farimba ("great brave man"). The empire he founded became one of the richest in the world, and his descendants included one of the richest individuals to ever live, Mansa Musa. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita (c. 1214 - c. 1255) and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa (Musa Keita). [15], Musa ascended to power in the early 1300s[i] under unclear circumstances. Through the oral tradition of griots, the Keita dynasty, from which nearly every Mali emperor came, claims to trace its lineage back to Lawalo, one of the sons of Bilal,[60] the faithful muezzin of Islam's prophet Muhammad, who was said to have migrated into Mali and his descendants established the ruling Keita dynasty through Maghan Kon Fatta, father of Sundiata Keita.[61]. Mansa Musa ruled over the Mali empire in the 14th Century, and his incredible access to gold made him arguably . [42] Another source of income for Mali during Musa's reign was taxation of the copper trade. By the 6th century AD, the lucrative trans-Saharan trade in gold, salt and slaves had begun, facilitating the rise of West Africa's great empires. [27] His list does not necessarily accurately reflect the actual organization of the Mali Empire,[28] and the identification of the listed provinces is controversial. Despite this disunity in the realm, the realm remained under Mandinka control into the mid-17th century. . Sundiata Keita was a warrior-prince of the Keita dynasty who was called upon to free the local people from the rule of the king of the Sosso Empire, Soumaoro Kant. [93], Following Musa Keita III's death, his brother Gbr Keita became emperor in the mid-15th century. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. [11][b] In Mand tradition, it was common for one's name to be prefixed by their mother's name, so the name Kanku Musa means "Musa, son of Kanku", although it is unclear if the genealogy implied is literal. According to Ibn Battuta who visited Mali in the mid-14th century, one camel load of salt sold at Walata for 810 mithqals of gold, but in Mali proper it realised 2030 ducats and sometimes even 40. The growing trade in Mali's western provinces with Portugal witnessed the exchange of envoys between the two nations. 6. [140], The Mali Empire maintained a semi-professional, full-time army in order to defend its borders. [60] Other scholars whom Musa brought to Mali included Maliki jurists. According to Burkinab writer Joseph Ki-Zerbo, the farther a person travelled from Niani, the more decentralised the mansa's power became. Please check the original source(s) for copyright information. [d], Musa's father was named Faga Leye[12] and his mother may have been named Kanku. If Dakajalan was, in fact, situated near Kangaba, this may also have contributed to their conflation, beginning with Delafosse's speculation that the latter may have begun as a suburb of the former. [133], There was no standard currency throughout the realm, but several forms were prominent by region. The Manding languages were spoken in the empire. Forty years after the reign of Mansa Musa Keita I, the Mali Empire still controlled some 1,100,000 square kilometres (420,000sqmi) of land throughout Western Africa.[103][9]. During the 17th century, the Mali Empire faced incursions from the Bamana Empire. This is the first account of a West African kingdom made directly by an eyewitness; the others are usually second-hand. The city's water supply was a leading cause to its successes in trade. [104] He would only reign a year before a descendant of Mansa Gao Keita removed him.[70]. He has sometimes been called the wealthiest person in history. En route, he spent time in Cairo, where his lavish gift-giving is said to have noticeably affected the value of gold in Egypt and garnered the attention of the wider Muslim world. His descendants migrated to the land of Mali and established the Mandinka clan of Keita. Mansa Musa Family Tree | Empire of Mali Server Costs Fundraiser 2023 Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. [10], Mali, Mand, Manden, and Manding are all various pronunciations of the same word across different languages and dialects. Then, in 1630, the Bamana of Djenn declared their version of holy war on all Muslim powers in present-day Mali. [52][55], Musa's generosity continued as he traveled onwards to Mecca, and he gave gifts to fellow pilgrims and the people of Medina and Mecca. ), mansa (emperor) of the West African empire of Mali from 1307 (or 1312). By the beginning of the 14th century, Mali was the source of almost half the Old World's gold exported from mines in Bambuk, Boure and Galam. Arab writers from the time said that he travelled with an entourage of tens of thousands of people and dozens of camels, each carrying 136 kilograms (300 pounds) of gold. Mansa Musa was a devout Muslim. Why did Ms I make a pilgrimage to Mecca? He ruled oppressively and nearly bankrupted Mali with his lavish spending. Inside the world's wealthiest", "Mansa Musa (Musa I of Mali) | National Geographic Society", "The 25 richest people who ever lived inflation adjusted", "Civilization VI the Official Site | News | Civilization VI: Gathering Storm Mansa Musa Leads Mali", International Journal of African Historical Studies, "Searching for History in The Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli", "chos d'Arabie. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. Ms Is hajj left a lasting impression of Malis splendour on both the Islamic and European worlds. Mans third spouse tells court he was a despot, Woman describes treatment in Aguanga torture trial, Social worker: Children in torture case appeared happy, healthy, Calif. torture trial airs family horror stories, Polygamist who tortured his family is sentenced to 7 life terms, Aguanga man to serve seven life sentences, Emerging from a notorious hell of abuse to counsel others, Laura Cowan, Mansa Musa Muhummed: Sex, Torture, Beatings In Muslim Cult, Former Polygamy Wife Speaks Out On Justice By Any Means. In Niani, Musa built the Hall of Audience, a building communicating by an interior door to the royal palace. Via one of the royal ladies of his court, Musa transformed Sankore from an informal madrasah into an Islamic university. Le Plerinage La Mecque de Mansa Musa (724725/13241325) d'aprs des Nouvelles Sources", "The Big Secret of Celebrity Wealth (Is That No One Knows Anything)", The International Journal of African Historical Studies, "West African empires. The reign of Mari Djata Keita II was ruinous and left the empire in bad financial shape, but the empire itself passed intact to the dead emperor's brother. [93], In 1477, the Yatenga emperor Nassr made yet another Mossi raid into Macina, this time conquering it and the old province of BaGhana (Wagadou).[109]. In search of a status discourse for Mande". It then seized Timbuktu from the Tuareg in 1468 under Sunni Ali Ber. by Spanish cartographers, shows West Africa dominated by a depiction of Mansa Musa sitting on a throne, holding a nugget of gold in one hand and a golden staff in the other. [22], Genealogy of the mansas of the Mali Empire up to Magha II (d.c.1389), based on Levtzion's interpretation of Ibn Khaldun. Several alternate spellings exist, such as Congo Musa, Gongo Musa, and Kankan Musa, but they are regarded as incorrect. Several 21st century historians have firmly rejected Niani as a capital candidate based on a lack of archaeological evidence of significant trade activity, clearly described by Arab visitors, particularly during the 14th century, Mali's golden age. Rather, authority would rest with the mansa and his court, wherever he went. Combined in the rapidly spoken language of the Mandinka, the names formed Sondjata, Sundjata or Sundiata Keita.
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