Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. Source:Library of Congress. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. This was followed by the invasion and takeover of Puerto Rico. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. Periodicals like Life in the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. In 1927, Mashonaland Railways was renamed Rhodesia Railways as efforts were underway to expand the country's rail system. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. Reference staff can Keppler, Udo J., Artist. The First Traverse of Africa From South to North. The French leftwing magazine LAssiette au Beurre (The Butter Plate) had a substantive run from April, 1901 to October, 1912. Progress was promoted as an unassailable value that would bring the worlds barbarians into modern times for their own good and the good of global commerce. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. In an 1895 Puck cartoon, A Rival Who Has Come to Stay, John Bull gapes while Uncle Sam proudly displays his prowess as Uncle Sam the Ship Builder. The U.S. Navy moved up from twelfth to fifth place in the world. Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. Duplication Services Web site. The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. Title from item. As the disturbance escalated, so did news coverage around the world. Cohen, Paul A. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Co.. Puck Bldg.. NY] Photograph. ), yesterday we took important commandos. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Matthews, Roy T. Britannia and John Bull: From Birth to Maturity.The Historian,Vol. And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. W. H. P. Signs of Promise.The Advocate of Peace, pp. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. Do those benighted wretches fail to realize what we have accomplished in their islands? School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! 8, No. Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. Colonists--British--1900-1910. The U.S. conquest of the Philippines, coupled with the multi-nation Boxer intervention in China, prompted Twain to become an outspoken critic of America plunging into what he denounced as the European Game of overseas expansion. (Some images display only as thumbnails outside 4, pp. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. The graphics protesting U.S. actions in the Philippines were particularly biting, as seen in a page satirically titled Lucky Filipinos. Rising from the flames of a burning home, a skeletal apparition represents the hundreds of thousands of Filipinos killed in the U.S. campaign. The boats crossing their chests, labeled Suez Canal and Managua Canal, show the importance of efficient naval and shipping routes through their distended realms. A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. Translated from Russian. Powered by WordPress. 730-735 (2008). Includes bibliographical references and index. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. English. John Bull Good 'evins! Thophile Steinlen,LAssiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. Reference staff can A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! such as microfilm or copy prints? From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. , 1902. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. Contemporary wars in the Philippines and Transvaal (the Boer War) comprise the foreground of the Think It Over battlefield. [1] [2] The project was never completed. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. Geopolitics, Vol. Theodore Roosevelt Digital Library. Twains most celebrated anti-imperialist essay, To the Person Sitting in Darkness, was published in the February, 1901 issue of the North American Review. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. (doi:10.1093/cjip/pol005), Faunce, Rev. Lifes black-and-white January 4, 1900 cover welcomed the new millennium by illustrating The Anglo-Saxon Christmas 1899. John Bull and Uncle Sam are positioned within a holiday wreath, machine guns pointing out in both directions. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. Ricard, Serge. Raising money to Save the Foreign Devils recurs in the visual record. What can an observer infer about the role of native Africans in French colonial conquests from "Conquest and Competition" (Visual Source 18.2)?, 3. It Ought to be a Happy New Year. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Brown, Frederick. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. The March of the Strenuous Civilization. C. S. Taylor,Life, April 11, 1901. Illus. The violence applied to these aims both in bodily harm and cultural ruin was only part of the hypocrisy. LC copy from Naimusho Keihokyoku censorship collection; classified as "annei" and banned. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, October 18, 1900. Tough the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 10, 1902. Names Keppler, Udo J., 1872-1956, artist "Major Grogan's Moves," EAS (15 November 1919), 7. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann. Now there are thirteen on this one street! The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! Theory and Society16(5):675 (1987). If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in The Manila Correspondent and the McKinley Censorship. George Benjamin Luts,The Verdict, August 21, 1899. Le Royaume-Uni (United Kingdom) Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Tan, Chester C.The Boxer Catastrophe. . ***Appointments are virtual, but we can schedule in-person if needed. Even the language of Lifes caption is subversive, for it picks up a famous pro-imperialist speech by Theodore Roosevelt titled The Strenuous Life. Delivered on April 10, 1899, two years before Roosevelt became president, the most famous lines of the speech were these: I wish to preach, not the doctrine of ignoble ease, but the doctrine of the strenuous life, the life of toil and effort, of labor and strife; to preach that highest form of success which comes, not to the man who desires mere easy peace, but to the man who does not shrink from danger . ", From the Cape to Cairo. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints The caption, "From the Cape to Cairo. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Vol 172 (February 1901). Families were burned out of their homes and imprisoned in concentration camps. In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. The Origins of the Boxer War: A Multinational Study(London, New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003). Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. BritanniaDaughter! A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. wotever 'll become of my ship-building monopoly, if that there Yankee is going to turn out boats like that right along? Louis Dalrymple,Puck, July 24, 1895. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Christian missionaries, their Chinese converts, and eventually all foreigners were blamed for the troubles and attacked by Boxer bands of disenfranchised young men. Source:Library of Congress. In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Explain the message within this particular cartoon using the details the cartoonist has included in it. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. The caption, From the Cape to Cairo. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. A tiny female China peers at the scene from behind a wall. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, ), Is This Imperialism?: the Boxer Uprising. The noble rhetoric that buttressed overseas expansion, as Twain presented it, was largely for Home Consumption, and stood in sharp contrast to the Actual Thing that the Customer Sitting in Darkness buys with his blood and tears and land and liberty. Where the Philippine temptation in particular was concerned, he cited press reports of atrocities by American troops. Freedom and Peace for all Time. ca. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University. President McKinley at the Conference of Foreign Missions. The fallen man clasps the flag of the Philippine independence movement, inscribed with the words Give Us Liberty. His hat quotes the most famous phrase in the U.S. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Heine provided Simplicissimus with what has become a justly famous image: an armed knight, representing the West, pours a torrent of blood over Asia, while his sword drips blood on Africa. The image argues that a crisis point has been reached and the caption states, Some One Must Back Up., Some One Must Back Up. Victor Gillam,Judge, December 8, 1900. Vol. The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. From Cape to Cairo by Bike | Free Documentary Nature Free Documentary - Nature 1.31M subscribers Subscribe 28K Share 3.3M views 1 year ago #FreeDocumentaryNature #Africa #Documentary From. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. What did the public back home know about the fighting of these far-off wars? Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. Women and children were included among the Boer prisoners of the British. And, more subtly yet, it reflected the shift from the nations agrarian roots toward global engagement. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. In addition, the U.S. ignored human rights violations in the use of concentration camps. After Allied forces were dispatched to relieve the sieges in Tianjin and Beijing, however, it did not take long before news reports and complementary visual commentary began to take note of barbaric conduct on both sides of the conflict. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. 11 [-21]. As a long-established world empire, Great Britain held sway over some 12 million square miles and a quarter of the worlds population. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. Published in April 27, 1898, the first cartoon calls the monumental warship The Sphinx of the Period: an unknown quantity in modern warfare. About a month later, a June 1 graphic picks up on the Sphinx metaphor and declares The American Battle-Ship is No Longer an Unknown Quantity. A pugnacious sailor and sweeping U.S. flag have replaced the inscrutable sphinx; guns are smoking, the Spanish fleet lies sunken below. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. All are erstwhile British soldiers. The famous cartoon demonstrates Rhodes dream. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? 301-314 (2010). Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. On the magazines cover for August 8, 1900, the familiar feminized and godlike personification of the West points at a slavering dragon, labeled Boxer, crawling over the wall of the capital city. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. The language obviously resonated with the Kipling-esque imagery of white men bringing enlightenment to new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child. People of darkness was, moreover, a perception that missionaries (whom Twain excoriated) routinely applied to the heathen natives of non-Christian lands. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." the Prints and Photographs Reading Room.