Mischel is the author or co-author of some 200 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author or co-author of four books. "Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Researched Apart." Sciences, New Series, Vol. Albert Bandura Age: 97 Birthplace: Mundare, Canada Albert Bandura (; born December 4, 1925) is a Canadian-American psychologist who is the David Starr Jordan Professor Emeritus of Social Science in Psychology at Stanford University. The wide-ranging 2009 book in which Gopnik reported these and many other findings to a popular audience, The Philosophical Baby, was a runaway bestseller. In this book, Goleman studies the emotions from biological, evolutionary, psychological, philosophical, and commonsense perspectives, showing the central role they play, not just in our affective life per se, but in all aspects of human cognition and action. The result was his first book, originally published in 1977, on the different types of meditative techniques that he found there. Berridge is the author or co-author of approximately 200 peer-reviewed research papers and chapters of edited volumes, and is the co-editor (with Morten L. Kringelbach) of Pleasures of the Brain (Oxford University Press, 2009). Today, he is Professor of Psychology (with a joint appointment in Computer Science) at Carnegie Mellon University. After the war, he completed his secondary education in York, back in the UK. Francisco Javier Varela Garcia (1946-2001) Francisco Garcia was a Chilean biologist, philosopher, and neuroscientist. 1. In 1995, he published Emotional Intelligence, which became a huge international bestseller and made the books title into a household phrase. During this period, he also worked in broadcast journalism, mainly as a presenter for the BBC on the radio and television. Ariely, who is the founder of a number of private for-profit ventures, has become well known beyond the academic world for his best-selling popular books (see below), his TED talks, and his widely read Wall Street Journal advice column. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the 18th and 19th centuries. He is currently Professor Psychology at the University of Virginia and at the University of Utah, as well as the Joseph R. Smiley Distinguished Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois-Champaign/Urbana and a Senior Scientist with the Gallup Organization. APA publishes the journals Behavioral Neuroscience and Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. Rutters career has been focused on psychiatric disorders of personality development from early childhood through adolescence. Spelke is the author or co-author of numerous peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. In general, biological psychologists study the same issues as academic psychologists, though limited by the need to use nonhuman species. He is currently Professor of Developmental Psychopathology at University College London. Shepard, Toward a Universal Law of Generalization for Psychological Science [PDF], Science, 1987, 237(4820): 13171323. In the last two centuries, biopsychology has found new ways to answer old questions, has tackled important new questions, and has abandoned some problems as poorly defined. Biological psychology has continually been involved in studying the physical basis for the reception of internal and external stimuli by the nervous system, particularly the visual and auditory systems. [13] Another feature of this work was his notion of a consequential region of a sampling space, which is somewhat analogous to Roschs notion of a basic level of objects in peoples innate categorization schemes (see the entry on Rosch, above). Biological psychology, of biopsychology, is the application of the principles of biology to the study of mental processes and behavior, that is the study of psychology in terms of bodily mechanisms. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1951 from New York University, his masters degree in clinical psychology in 1953 from the College of the City of New York, and his Ph.D. in clinical psychology in 1956 from Ohio State University. In particular, he is closely associated with the concept of flow. Gergen began his career in an unconventional way- researching such questions as the disunity of the self and the negative impact of altruistic acts on their recipientsthen veered ever deeper into terrain usually associated more closely with philosophy than with psychology. Kurzbans own work has been very wide-ranging, drawing on insights from social psychology, cognitive psychology, and experimental economics, in addition to evolutionary theory. He returned to England with his family at an early age. Psychologists often try to explain psychological concepts in light of biological processes. Miller is especially known for his work on updating famed statistician Ronald A. Fishers sexual selection models originally developed in the 1910s. Skinner, B. F. (1947). Arielys work draws on insights from biological and cognitive psychology, on the one hand, and economics, on the other-in a burgeoning new field that has come to be known as behavioral economics. While Spelke supports the idea that many or most of our cognitive abilities have an innate, or biological, foundation, after long empirical study she has concluded that there is no evidence for any systematic biological difference between males and females with respect to any of the several cognitive capacities underlying general mathematical ability (numerical reasoning, spatial reasoning, logical reasoning, etc.). . Phineas Gage. He earned his bachelors degree in 1976 from the University of Texas at Austin, and his Ph.D. in 1981 from the University of California, Berkeley. During the 20082009 academic year, Mischel served as President of the Association for Psychological Science(APS). These analyses have been widely influential, both within the profession and among laymen; however, Kagan stressed that such knowledge is of only limited therapeutic usefulness, given that temperament arises out of a complex interaction between genes and environment, both of which are beyond our effective control. Most commonly, these manipulations and measurements concern non-human subjects. The Shepard tone and accompanying Shepard scale create the auditory illusion of a tone that continually rises or falls in pitch, yet without ever getting any higher or lower. Ed Diener and Martin E.P. He has also published work on the importance of ideals and role models-especially, the ideal of heroism in everyday lifefor resisting peer pressure. A chemical receptor agonist facilitates neural activity by enhancing or replacing endogenous neurotransmitters. Accessed from web.missouri.edu Video He is currently the William James and Vilas Professor of Psychology and Psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Sternberg has authored or co-authored over 1400 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, book reviews, op-ed pieces, and other essays for the popular press, as well as authoring, co-authoring, or editing more than 100 books for academic and popular audiences. Wundt, better known as the father of psychology, has made unique contributions in the field of cognitive psychology. The recipient of innumerable grants, awards, fellowships, lectureships, and honorary degrees, in 2001 Linehan received the Distinguished Scientist Award bestowed by the Society for a Science of Clinical Psychology, an affiliate of the American Psychological Association(APA). Bandura first came to prominence for his work on aggression, particularly in children and adolescents. Kahneman is chiefly known for founding (together with his long-time collaborator, Amos Tversky, who died in 1996) the academic discipline now known as behavioral economics. While many on our list have a foot in more than one disciplinary camp, to be included here their main academic position had to be located within either a psychology department or a psychiatry department (within a medical school). As a result, the bulk of literature in biological psychology deals with mental processes and behaviors that are shared across mammalian species, such as: Sensation and perception; Motivated behavior (hunger, thirst, sex); Control of movement; Learning and memory; Sleep and biological rhythms; Emotions. Similarly, evolutionary theory suggests that our personality comes from an environment that favors certain traits over time. It was to the confluence of these dual streams of ancient meditative practice and modern neuroscience that he owed the breakthrough work that was soon to come. However, he has also done work on vision and on multimodal sensory processing. In his path-breaking early work, Anderson collaborated with Herbert Simon and other giants in the history of cognitive science. Other areas of study have included the physiological bases for motivated behaviour, emotion, learning, memory, cognition, and mental disorders. For example, most subjects exaggerate the satisfaction they believe they will derive from possessing objects in comparison with having experiences (vacations, entertainment) and cultivating social ties with family and friends. (Connectionism, as it relates to cognitive psychology, is the idea that the form of computation employed by the mind is massively parallel, distributed processing-as opposed to the serial processing used by an ordinary laptop.) Many of his books have appeared in multiple foreign editions, including one (Authentic Happiness) in more than 40 languages! Csikszentmihlyi popularized this idea in his 1990 best-seller, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1991 from Cornell University, and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1998 from the University of California, Santa Barbara, where he worked with Leda Cosmides (see above) and John Tooby. Johnson, Wendy, Eric Turkheimer, Irving I. Gottesman, and Thomas J. Bouchard Jr. 2009. On the other hand, Thomas Willis stipulated that the structure of the brain influences the behavior . Psychophysics (or experimental psychology) was pioneered by German scientists such as Gustav Fechner (18011887), Hermann von Helmholtz (1821--1894), and Wilhelm Wundt (1832--1920). The recipient of a large number of awards, grants, fellowships, consultancies, board membership appointments, invited lectureships, and honorary degrees, as well as numerous presentations, lectures, talks, and radio and television interviews directed towards popular audiences, Zimbardo is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), the American Psychological Society (APS), and the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). According to this theory, the fast system has been hard-wired in us by evolution to enable us to react quickly to stressful situations based on rough-and-ready, heuristic behavioral propensities. (An affordance is an objectively existing feature of an organisms environment that is however co-constructed by structural features of the environment and the organisms own functional capacities; thus, a tree limb exists objectively, but only affords an opportunity for grasping for a creature, like a monkey, capable of using it for that purpose.) Biological psychology has also had a strong history of contributing to medical disorders including those that fall under the purview of clinical psychology and psychopathology, also known as abnormal psychology. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1972 from the University of Maryland, and his Ph.D. in clinical-community psychology in 1977 from the same university. Mary Whiton Calkins Donald T. Campbell Susan Carey James Cattell, helped establish psychology as a legitimate science Raymond Cattell, factor analysis, 16PF Questionnaire and the Big Five, fluid versus crystallized intelligence Stephen J. Ceci, intelligence and memory Jean-Martin Charcot Nancy Chodorow Noam Chomsky, Linguistics, Cognitive Science Anderson also engaged in careful experimental studies, using fMRI technology, in an effort to provide empirical support for his theoretical models. Famous Psychologists & Theories: Ainsworth, Mary - Attachment Theory. He is currently the James B. Duke Professor of Psychology and Behavioral Economics at Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business. view) that involves certain assumptions (i.e. (July/August, 2002). As such, it is an academic discipline that is unique in the way it straddles the sciences (natural and social) and the humanities. Sternberg is best known for his influential triarchic theory of intelligence, which represented a radical break with the overwhelmingly psychometric approach that had dominated the study of human intelligence up to that time, in favor of a more developmental, cognitive, and biological approach. Traditional economic theory had always assumed that human beings are rational actors, which means they can generally be relied upon to act in ways they perceive as furthering their own best interests. However, while to our modern eyes this history may appear unfortunate, giving rise to racism, the tendency itself is not really linked to race as such (which is in any case a modern social construct). On the contrary, Diener has found that many people do not bounce back from devastating life events, and never return to their previous level of subjective well-being. "Binocular interaction in striate cortex of kittens reared with artificial squint. He is currently Ray Lyman Wilbur Professor Emeritus of Social Science at Stanford University. He obtained his masters degree in psychology in 1955 and his Ph.D. in psychology in 1959, both from Yale University. 9. He is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and a Member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS). The recipient of grants, awards, lectureships, honorary degrees, and other honors too numerous to mention, Loftus is a Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. ", Thorndike, Edward. 23. The idea behind social constructivism is that for human beings reality is neither given by the physical world nor conjured up by the individual mind, but rather constructed collectively by a given society or culture. One study for which Rutter won early acclaim was his 1972 book entitled Maternal Deprivation Reassessed, which was a careful re-evaluation of the evidence for and against psychiatrist John Bowlbys 1951 maternal deprivation theory (later expanded upon in his celebrated 1969 Attachment and Loss trilogy). Freud's work is vast, and he has contributed greatly to psychology as a discipline. Freud is often identified as one of psychology's most famous psychologists, but he is also seen as one of the most notorious. His lines . However, it was her study of the meditative practices of Zen Buddhismwhich she sees as sharing many features with Christian prayerthat led her to focus on the specific approach for which she has become world-famous, and which she came to call dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT). This view, that psychological processes have biological (or physiological) correlates, is the basic assumption of the whole field of biological psychology. The emergence of both psychology and biological psychology as legitimate sciences can be traced from the emergence of physiology from anatomy, particularly neuroanatomy. For instance, in a celebrated series of experiments involving the presentation of letters of the alphabet to a subject, Posner determined that physically determining whether two letters match has the shortest RT (= the easiest task in terms of computational resources), while applying a rule to determine whether two letters belong to the same category (e.g., vowel vs. consonant) has the longest RT (= the most difficult task), with name matching falling in the middle. Moreover, at every point along the spectrum, many of the most famous psychologists have often taken a step back to reflect upon the nature of the field as a whole-examining the tacit presuppositions that guide psychologists thought and practice, and thereby assuming the role of philosopher. In this book, he draws heavily on work in cultural anthropology which shows that certain character traits are recognized as embodying wisdom the world over. One of his papers, The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail[4]which argues that we mostly make moral judgments on an intuitive basis, reserving moral reasoning for the ex post facto justification of decisions already made-has been cited more than 6000 times. With increasing technical sophistication and with the development of more precise noninvasive methods that can be applied to human subjects, Biological psychologists are beginning to contribute to other classical topic areas of psychology, such as: Language; Reasoning and decision making; Consciousness. William James (1842-1910) (1872-1907) at Harvard Estabished Harvard's Psychology Department William James, philosopher and psychologist, was instrumental in establishing Harvard's psychology department, which at its inception was tied to the department of philosophy. Physiologists conducted experiments on living organisms, a practice that was distrusted by the dominant anatomists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The slow system, on the other hand, allows us to reflect upon our experience in a more relaxed and thoughtful way. [2], The history of biological psychology is a major part of the history of modern scientific psychology. His work has been widely influential, but also controversial. Psychology is the science of mind, but in any real sense a mind cannot exist without a body in which to reside. During the early part of his academic career, Goleman arranged for several extended stays in India and Sri Lanka, in pursuit of his interest in Asian traditions of meditation. Mechanistically, the brain constructs such optimal predictive models by calculating the errors in a stimulus sequence as the difference at each step between the predicted signal and the signal actually received. For example, in a clinical setting the Posner cueing task may be employed to assess attention deficits in a subject following brain injury. To get at these hard-to-quantify beliefs and feelings, Bloom has created a laboratorythe Mind and Development Lab at Yale-that is broadly interdisciplinary, welcoming theory and research from such disciplines and sub-disciplines as cognitive, social, and developmental psychology, behavioral economics, evolutionary theory, and philosophy. Skinner, B. F. (1959) Cumulative record. After initially studying business and economics and working for a computer company for a time, she entered medical school at the University of Zurich. This particular approach is known as the biopsychosocial model (Figure 1.16). Bounded rationality is the idea that, not only are human actors constrained by emotional factors such as irrational aversions and prejudices, they are simply not very good at reasoning correctly about certain kinds of situations (especially ones involving probabilities). Developing new methods to improve mental health. Meltzoff was born in 1950. He was elected Member of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 2004, and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1991. However, like several other psychologists on this list, Barrett has come to see the value of interdisciplinary efforts to study the mind. Biological psychology as a scientific discipline later emerged from a variety of scientific and philosophical traditions in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This is largely because many of his writing remained inaccessible to the Western world until quite recently. After spending the war years in hiding in Nazi-occupied France, the family emigrated to Israel permanently in 1948. In other work, Diener has found that subjective well-being has measurable positive effects on health and longevity. Cognitive psychology is mainly concerned . Geneva: World Health Organization, 1951; idem, Attachment and Loss, Vol. Loftus is the author or co-author of close to 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters, as well as the author, co-author, or editor more than 20 books. Martin E. P. Seligman is perhaps best known for his theory of "learned helplessness.". Rosch was born in New York City in 1938. Davidson has published many peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters. Having been taken up by scholars of so many diverse scientific and philosophical perspectives, Roschs own work is difficult to categorize in a definitive fashion. Goleman was born in Stockton, California, in 1946. In a nutshell, he attempts to identify the selective advantage of particular human social behavioral traits in the context of our environment of evolutionary adaptedness (EEA). He is currently Professor of Psychology and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan, as well as Director of the Affective Neuroscience and Biopsychology Lab there. With time, however, Blooms work has become increasingly ambitious, crossing over into the territory of philosophy. Pointing to the drastic decline in all the metrics of young peoples skills and behavior during this period, he argues that parents, schools, and others who have consciously discarded the commonsense attitudes and practices that had prevailed for centuries, putting a much more permissive set of rules and structures in their place, are in large part responsible for this decline. The recipient of numerous awards, grants, fellowships, invited lectureships, visiting professorships, board membership appointments, and honorary degrees, Csikszentmihlyi is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of the American Psychological Society(APS). She is currently Professor of Organizational Behavior in the Faculty of Hautes tudes Commerciales, or HEC (which is to say, the Business School), of the University of Lausanne. (Reaction time [RT] is the temporal lag between the presentation of a stimulus and the subjects response; the measurement of RTs in general is known as mental chronometry.) The experiment showed that, given the realistic, prison-like experimental set-up, it was relatively easy for the students to assume their assigned roles as guards or prisoners, eventually exhibiting pathological behaviors such as sadism and depression. Ekman has published some 170 peer-reviewed journal articles or book chapters, and is the author, co-author, or editor of some 15 books. With well over 200 peer-reviewed papers and a half dozen books (as sole author or co-editor) to her credit, Barrett has received wide recognition in the form of honors and awards too numerous to mention, notably election as Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA) in 2005 and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in 2008. 2748. This theory was developed in part based on research by physiologist Ivan Pavlov on classical conditioning. Biological psychologists may often be interested in measuring some biological variable, such as an anatomical, physiological, or genetic variable, in an attempt to relate it quantitatively or qualitatively to a psychological or behavioral variable, and thus, contribute to evidence based practice. His first book for a mass readership, The Language Instinct (1994), drove home in elegant prose the inarguable importance of the innate language faculty for our humanity. Haidt first became widely known for his work in the field of positive psychology (happiness research), especially for his 2005 book, The Happiness Hypothesis. She is currently University Distinguished Professor of Psychology at Northeastern University, where she heads up the Interdisciplinary Affective Science Laboratory(IASL). Blooms early work was primarily in language acquisition-the process by which infants and toddlers come to acquire the ability to understand and produce human speech. See behavioral science. Another result from her experimental studies was the notion that hierarchical taxonomic structures (for example, chair/furniture) are not arbitrary, but built up out of a bottom layer of most-basic elements. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. Pargament has courted controversy by questioning the overwhelmingly rejectionist status quo of the psychology profession, and by maintaining that religious training, preferably along pluralistic lines, ought to be a mandatory component of the education of psychotherapists. In The Lucifer Effect, published in 2007, Zimbardo answered his critics, reflecting on the torture conducted at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, and asking the question about people who conform to wicked institutional norms: Are they inexplicable, can we not understand them? Berridge was born in 1957. ), a physician who in The Canon of Medicine, recognized physiological psychology in the treatment of illnesses involving emotions, and developed a system for associating changes in the pulse rate with inner feelings, which is seen as an anticipation of the word association test. Seligman, Beyond Money: Toward an Economy of Well-Being, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 2004, July, 5(1): 131. Mystery bundle of pins - almost 50% off my bulk pricing but what you get is a mystery! He returned to Israel with his family when he was three years old, and grew up in the town of Ramat HaSharon. The detonation went . Evolutionary psychologists acknowledge their debt to sociobiology but point out that they add a dimension to sociobiology: psychological mechanisms. Tulving has made a number of other theoretical advances in the study of memory, as well. She received her bachelors degree in social relations in 1971 from Radcliffe College (where she worked with Jerome Kagan), and her Ph.D. in psychology in 1978 from Cornell University (where she studied under Eleanor Gibson). He is currently Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. Rosch is especially known for several empirically based contributions, such as our reliance on prototypes to characterize categories. He argues that flow-generating tasks are ones that people experience as rewarding for their own sake, as opposed to merely instrumental to some end. He received his bachelors degree in 1979 from the University of California, Davis, and his masters in 1980 from the University of Pennsylvania. Tavris was born in Los Angeles, California, in 1944. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. Tavris is the author, co-author, or editor of some 10 books, as well as the author or co-author of more than 300 peer-reviewed journal articles, book chapters, books reviews, op-ed pieces, essays, and other popular writings. Gardner has close to 500 peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters to his credit, not to mention several hundred op-ed pieces, essays, blog posts, and other articles aimed at a popular audience. He received his bachelors degree in psychology in 1971 from Tel Aviv University, and his Ph.D. in cognitive psychology in 1991 from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He and his family spent time in an Italian internment camp during the war, but after the war was over he was able to complete his secondary school education in Rome. This idea has important clinical implications, since according to the theory an episodic memory deficit may be due to damage either to the original memory trace or to the retrieval mechanism.