Your email address will not be published. REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . Political institutions, Kinship ties, Origin of towns and their cultural antecedents are enriched with similar history. Useful tips on how to download from YouTube using SS, 10 most delicious Nigerian dishes for dinner, "Youve admitted election was flawed", Atiku replies Tinubu campaign, Whitney Adeyemi: Protest Hits Lagos as Residents Besiege Chrisland School, Long Fulani tribal braids: 30 beautiful styles to try out, Old Naira notes: 5 key things to know about Supreme Court's final verdict, "Precious don finish work": Little girl with 'anointing' prays passionately over food as mum watches, video trends. /Type /XObject (8 Best Paying Jobs), General consensus among our leaders when seeking independence from Britain. The Legacy of Biafra: An Investigation into trauma as National Identity Fragmentation, Under Reconstruction: Ethnicity, Ethnic Nationalism, and the Future of the Nigerian State, ETHNIC SCHISM IN NIGERIA: A SOCIO-LITERAY STUDY OF CHINUA ACHEBE'S THERE WAS COUNTRY. Federalism was further adopted because the developed countries from which Nigeria borrowed democracy practice federalism. It discovered a positive relationship between the changes in the fiscal structure and the aggravation of ethnic minorities' struggles. The Plural nature of Nigeria. Unfortunately, to suit their interests and political agenda, the federal and state governments over time immemorial have maintained great level of . Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Biafrans who are geographically in the South and SouthEast of Ni-geria feel and believe that their economic and developmental prowess are not well represented in the Nigerian state, and this lack of representation leads to marginalization. V(B8eDK@sx AK hG~ u;6DV,pwP# _ O4C sR 8_yC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. Prior to independence, it is believed that the British adopted federalism because it favored their interest. In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. /Filter /DCTDecode Also, Read: Bad Leadership Causes, Effects And Solutions In Nigeria. THE THEME OF IMAGERY AND SYMBOLISM IN THE IPOB SECESSIONIST STRUGGLE, Abdul's Assignment on 711 Dr. Usman Mohammed, A nation divided against itself: Biafra and the conflicting online protest discourses, Ethnicity, Political Exclusion and the Resurgence of Separatism in South-Eastern, Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, THE EFFECT OF CRIMINAL INJUSTICE AGAINST EASTERN NIGERIA AND THE DEMAND FOR SELF-DETERMINATION BY IPOB. Minority Marginalization 3.6 6. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. Federalism, State creation and National Integration State creation like federal character, quota system, etc. First, how to properly place peoples, better still - indigenes and ethnic groupings, in their relevant socio-economic categories; that is, in line with the oil windfalls. Justice Udo Udoma is of the view that regionalism was introduced by the colonialists in order to divide and rule, and weaken true national unity in Nigeria. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Nigeria did not choose federal system of government because it is the best or most practiced system of government in the world. Brad Simpson (2014) The Biafran secession and the limits of self-determination, Journal of Genocide Research, 16:2-3, 337-354, WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, LAST TRAIN TO BIAFRA - Memories of a Biafran Child: A Personal Family Experience, Fiscal Federalism, Ethnic Minorities and the National Question in Nigeria: Revisiting the Case of the Niger Delta People, WARN POLICY BRIEF WARN POLICY BRIEF THE NIGERIA STATE AND THE BIAFRA QUESTION: THREATS TO OR OPPORTUNITIES FOR NATIONAL COHESION, Biafra Resurgence: State Failure, Insecurity and Separatist Agitations in Nigeria, Biafra Separatism: Causes, Consequences and Remedies, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, THE DISINTEGRATION OF YUGOSLAVIA: A LESSON FOR NIGERIA, MASSOB AND IPOB SELF DETERMINATION AND THE NIGERIA STATE, Ndi Igbo, Leadership, Nationhood, the Nigerian Dilemma and Why We Are All Biafrans, Death of a nation - Biafra and the Nigerian question.pdf, Exploring the Dimensions of Secessionist Agitations: Security Threats and Implications for Nigeria 1966-2016, REVISITING THE NIGERIA-BIAFRA WAR: THE INTANGIBLES OF POST- WAR RECONCILIATION, The Ambiguity of Constitutional Silence on State Secession in Nigeria: Looking Beyond Politics of Compassion and Prejudice, West Africa Insight Secessionist Movement ENGLISH Version, Situation Analysis on Public Safety and Security Governorship Election in Anambra State, IGBOS, A PEOPLE THRIVING AMIDST ADVERSITY: WHO ARE THE IGBOS, Pro-Biafran Activists and the call for a Referendum: A Sentiment Analysis of 'Biafraexit' on Twitter after UK's vote to leave the European Union, NIGERIA: WHAT IS TO BE DONE? INTRO: Federalism has been approached with variegated definitions such that one might argue that there are as much definitions of federalism as there are authors on the subject. >> But nigeria today became the proudable and bearable country, The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation facing challenges within the balance of economic development along ethnic divisions in society. /Type /Page POL 124 MAIN CONTENT Mar 21, 2011 NEW (1), Resource Control, Federalism and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Reflection on Nigeria at Fifty, Federalism and Revenue Allocation in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of the Derivation Principle, Legal Framework for Fiscal Federalism: Issues and Options for Reform, RESOURCE CONTROL, REVENUE ALLOCATION AND PETROLEUM POLITICS IN NIGERIA: THE NIGER DELTA QUESTION, Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations in Nigeria's Fourth Republic: Issues and Challenges, The Nigerian State and the Quest for Restructuring: Implications for Democratic Consolidation, Federalism, Democracy and Constitutionalism: The Nigerian Experience. x^[YsF~[-`pys)fk"%J hE;}LO *%gH=zoN/oNS~~zb|\U?_s3jJ}ZxhK2&$9|H-&9)q7"|kxN7i,anHiw>&_N~@bdkBs>gIM>z2|1zFDW+1"y-#HCQJmvj4CW5z,#IwHGc&Y"`Sg|2)FQ& p:?WT hQ4M:*|9tKy?c[U(zqfNBA=XCOf~2i6KC@;DGO? Nigeria are typically inclined to the derivation principle, which is the process of distributing centrally generated revenue to constituent units with regards to the contribution made by a group to the country's more 12substantial income. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 This embodies ideas of promise, obligation, and undertaking; and consequently, the federal idea draws on collaboration, reciprocity, and mutuality. The states were later increased to 30 states. For a better explanation of the theory of federalism, I highly recommend that you watch the video below. Nigeria's founding fathers desired a federal political framework, believing that federal states have the structural capacity to accommodate diversity. Have you ever wondered why Nigeria is practicing a federal system of government and not any other system? Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply. Nigeria is confronted to the boomerang effects of the evolution of its federalism. The contradictions generated by this rigional arrangement threatened Nigeria unity. Federalism as a system of government which is meant to help to advance good governance and development of a multi-ethnic and big country like Nigeria. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Why do nations federate?, what are the factors or conditions to have necessitated the adoption of federalism?, how is a federation to be organized?, how is power to be shared between the levels of government in a federation?, is federalism a means to an end or an end itself?, why do some federations succeed and others fail?. 2. What a nice and educating document!We are grateful for this post. In Nigeria, it could be argued that our federal system of government is the creation of British colonialism. Thus, there is continuous agitation by many ethnic nationalities for a sovereign national conference in order to renegotiate the Nigeria federal deal to put Nigeria on the path of true federalism to guarantee her unity and co-existence. This understanding is also in tune with that of Jinadu (1979:15), who insists that Federalism is usually viewed as a form of governmental and institutional structure, deliberately designed by political architects, to cope with the twin but difficult task of maintaining unity while also preserving diversity. It is no news, therefore, that the peoples of Nigeria are diverse in different respects culturally, historically, socially, religiously, educationally, industriously, and even philosophically. But before moving to the crux of this article, we will be looking briefly at the meaning and history of federalism in Nigeria. INTERNAL COLONIALISM IN NIGERIA Some of the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria are the diversity of the nation and the desire for political, cultural and social identity of a people of over 250 ethnic groups, several languages, diversities and a lot of political traditions; the desire for some form of Federalism And Intergovernmental Relations In Nigeria. (Tanzi, 1996). The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review (Nigerian Chapter), Abstract: The Nigeria civil war (1967-1970) provoked by declaration of Biafra republic had indelible imprint on Nigeria state. Between 1960 and 1996, the three regions have been divided into smaller entities which are now known as states and their boundaries were reorganised. It forays into the inherent issues underlying the Biafran movement and the ways in which those issues, as well as Biafran agitation, are inimical to Nigeria's development. Federalism in Nigeria. In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. we are proud to nigeria our inherited country,god bless nigeria. However, it is also fact that since independence Nigeria has promulgated several constitutions and that if Nigeria wanted an alternative system of government, she could have opted for it. There are other political systems the country could have adopted but because of some reasons which I am going to share with you today, federalism seemed to be the best idea. Voter Turnout, Voting Behavior and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria By Professor Sakah Saidu Mahmud Kwara State University, Malete 1. It is not surprising that Nigeria in its 55 years of political sojourn has tried different forms of federalism. Problems facing the legal profession in Nigeria, History of the legal profession in Nigeria, Problems of Local Government in Nigeria And Solutions, 5 important Characteristic of customary law, Sources of Nigerian Law: everything you need to know. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? /Resources << << Payment Details. Edeh Samuel Chukwuemeka ACMC, is a Law Student and a Certified Mediator/Conciliator in Nigeria. For this alone, one thinks in consonance with the conviction of dominant scholarship, that such clustering and bundling of diverse identities in an amalgamative sense, in the case of Nigeria, is too, an irreconcilable British experimentalism of the federal principle. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. We appreciate you. The availability of resources in a particular region and the need for that area to control the resources has also been seen as a reason for a federal system in Nigeria. s" Generally speaking, one of the reasons for federalism is common historical or ancestral background. A large body of literature exists on Nigeria's fiscal federalism particularly with reference to revenue allocation. Policy Brief on the agitation for cessation of Biafra republic from the Nigerian state, response to the agitation and the options to address the issues. << Federalism did not return to Nigeria until after his death. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. Also, the adoption of the Littleton constitution of 1954 laid further credence to . Keep it up , Yes , I love it and I was sentitize on those reasons. He rejects the assertion that To avert this domination, states unite to form a strong, virile and stable union capable of withstanding external attacks. Required fields are marked *. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. However, that is not so in a federal government system. /F1 6 0 R In Nigerias case, the tongues and tribes that made up Nigeria has one colonial history. It was believed that federal system of government would take care of the interest of the minority and human rights that had been the fear of the minority under colonial rule. Also, Read: Local Government In Nigeria : Definition, Functions, And Importance. Each document posted on the site includes a link to the corresponding official PDF file on govinfo.gov. The construct of federalism, which originates with the concept of intergovernmental relations, dates back to the Greek civilization. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. stream Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Full History of Nigerian Federalism. Power Sharing Formula So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. It was under the 1954 constitution that federal system of government was fully adopted. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. Ethnic, Religious and Geographical Factor 3.5 5. politicization of ethnicity or the ethnicization of the politics of state creation that Nigeria has witnessed in recent years. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government. On the contrary it has also been suggested that is created more diversity and conflict for the nation to grapple with. Federalism is a type of government in which the sovereign authority of political power is usually divided between two units. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). The post war efforts for disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of the Igbo secessionist into the post-civil war Nigeria through the (3Rs) policy of rehabilitation, reconstruction and reconciliation (the 3Rs) to promote national unity and nationalism have failed to yield desire result. Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government.
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