For History, candidates have been contacted separately. Classical Philology Greek reading list for students entering 2018 and earlier. Learn more about classes at St. John’s and the subjects students study. The handbook gives a comprehensive book list … The modules look something like this: Barbour’s book is a (semi-popular) modern-perspective account. There is no pre-requisite reading that needs to be done, but you may find the following books interesting and informative at a general level. Biomedical Sciences. Finally, we are aware that you likely have not have studied philosophy before, and may not have taken A-levels (or equivalents) that require writing essays. Classical Philology Greek reading list for students entering 2019 and later. Lecture Scheme 2020-21 Lecture List … Oxford Reading List Events Search for: Oxford Reading List I’m currently reading Philosophy and Theology at Oxford University, and have decided to share the reading lists that I’m set as I receive them from my tutors. Oxford Reading Tree オックスフォード・リーディング・ツリー専用音声ペン(別売)に対応したステージ1の全パックの音声シールセットです。 ブック本体の該当ページに貼って、音声ペンでタッチすると朗読音声が再生されます。 1144032), Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Law (Jurisprudence) and Law Studies in Europe. ... Neil Tennant - "Relevance in Reasoning", from The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic, ed. 2018 for Physics Prelims, FHS Parts A and B for the three year BA and four year MPhys courses, and for the Physics papers for the Physics and Philosophy course. The Structure of Science. Here are some recommendations for philosophy and logic reading, to complement the earlier list of mathematical texts. An Example Personal Statement for Oxford Physics and Philosophy oxbridge , Physical Sciences | 0 comments Starting your personal statement is always difficult, and it’s especially so for a course like Physics and Philosophy… The reading list at St. John’s includes classic works in philosophy, literature, political science, psychology, history, religion, economics, math, chemistry, physics, biology, astronomy, music, language, and more. Note that Philosophy books should be read slowly. Please don’t imagine that you should try to read everything listed here! There is no compulsory preliminary reading that you need to do, but there are several things that you can do as useful preparation to help you before you arrive in Oxford. Over 4000 free audio and video lectures, seminars and teaching resources from Oxford University. To investigate how they feed off each other, here are a few physics and philosophy books recommended by current Oxford Physics and Philosophy … 2020: Reading List Music. Princeton University Department of Politics POL 5** – Philosophy of Law, Reading Course Fall 2014 Keith E. Whittington 240 Corwin Hall, 258-3453 kewhitt@princeton.edu An introduction to general jurisprudence and philosophy of You probably won’t have time to read all, but do try to … Lectures and classes will go ahead during Hilary Term 2021, via various modes of online delivery (existing lecture recordings, new recordings, and live classes). While the list of books has evolved over the last century, the tradition of all students reading foundational texts of Western civilization remains. Laws of Nature Reading Ernest Nagel. New College is a Registered Charity (Registration No. The Physics Department at Oxford is internationally renowned, with around 120 academic staff and nearly 350 post-doctoral researchers, technical and support staff. Please click hereto see what modules are required for your programme. Modern Languages: please refer to the reading above. So if you are doing Latin and/or Greek at school it makes sense for you to read in translation the rest of the work you are studying. Mathematics Reading List Congratulations on receiving an offer to study Mathematics (including Mathematics and Computer Science and Mathematics and Philosophy) at Balliol! If you've taken a look at the website, it's clear you're doing three very different subjects. For History, candidates have been contacted separately. 1. If you have any questions, please let us know! Philosophy and Classics … Please note that more information can be added at a later date, so you may wish to check this page regularly. Physics and Philosophy are given equal weight in this degree course – you will study the two subjects in parallel for three years before specialising in your final year. We would like those reading Honour Moderations Course IA and IC to read the whole of the Iliad in translation before they come up. 2020: College Physics Welcome Letter & Reading List. Physics As a Physics student at Hertford, you will be part of one of the largest communities of Physics students and researchers in the world. Modern Languages - Beginners' Russian & Russian. So you will be joining a group of philosophers that includes students reading for other degrees, and studying alongside them for some parts of your first year. Classics at Cambridge involves the study of philosophy, history, art and archaeology, and linguistics as well as of the Greek and Latin languages and literature. Philosophy can only be studied at undergraduate level at Oxford University in conjunction with other subjects, initially (with the exception of PPE) on an equal basis, although in many cases in the second and third year (and the fourth year, where available) with greater weight in philosophy… Office 365; OneDrive; PC Account Creation; Visitor IT Information; IT Support request form; Canvas; People. It is a good idea to pause after every ten or twenty pages, and to make notes on the course of the argument (together with any queries or criticisms that have occurred to you). Suggested Reading List We are often asked to make suggestions for preparatory reading and for introducing new subjects that you might be considering. (Second-hand copies can sometimes be obtained from Oxford … Philosophy of physics: Philosophy of physics is the philosophical and conceptual study of the major physical theories: statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and theories of … It’s much too long for that. If you don’t know where to start, review our suggested reading list … Introduction to Computing in Physics… Physics and Philosophy has been offered as a degree course at Oxford since 1968, and since then the course has developed and changed greatly, in response to changes physics and current issues in the philosophy of physics C. Benn, C. Cameron, A. Cawston and S. Siriwardena. Look at however much you have time for. Oxford Reading List I’m currently reading Philosophy and Theology at Oxford University, and have decided to share the reading lists that I’m set as I receive them from my tutors. If you are interested in Philosophy, there are several options available at Oxford and Cambridge. Studied, from a historical perspective, in Trinity Term (Apr-Jun). Reading List for PhD candidates in Classical Philosophy Students may petition the graduate committee to make substitutions of items on the reading list in two categories: Substitutions of a work by the same author, provided that the substituted material is roughly of the same length and parallel in genre, and …of fun (and useful) things to get you into the subject. I think lab work is pretty far away from philosophy of physics. Some of the core relevant texts for General Philosophy: You will study Logic in your first two terms in Balliol. Recommended Reading List. You might like to consider Hertford College 84 The most There is no set text for this paper, but there is a list of topics to be covered: knowledge and scepticism; induction; the relation of mind and body; personal identity; free will; God and evil. Applications for Physics and Philosophy are accepted by most Colleges (see the official list for details), but some Colleges allocate places for P&P every year: these either have philosophy tutors with particular expertise in the philosophy of physics … St. John’s College is best known for its reading list and the Great Books curriculum that was adopted in 1937. Classical Philology Greek reading list for students entering 2018 and earlier Classical Philology Greek reading list for students entering 2019 and later Classical Philology Latin Philosophy and Classics Joint Program (Classics 1 Philosophy Faculty reading List and Course Outline 2018-2019 PART IB PAPER 06: PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE COURSE OUTLINE The Part IB course introduces five philosophical issues in scientific theory and practice. Huggett’s book is a helpful source book with commentary. Philosophy Reading List Some suggestions for those intending to read philosophy and/or beginning a philosophy course. More Philosophy Riddles of Existence: A Guided Tour of Metaphysics by Conee and Sider (Oxford University Press, 2005). The following list shows the books currently used as primary sources in the first year of the Physics Honour course. Some of the core relevant texts for General Philosophy: J. Nagel, A Very Short Introduction to Epistemology (Oxford University Press) E. Conee and T. Sider, Riddles of Existence (Oxford … Therefore, we have also included a section with some general resources on essay-writing skills, which might be useful in your first term in Oxford. We've curated this reading list of the most popular articles from our philosophy journals in 2020. There are a number of helpful guides to writing philosophical essays. The Philosophy Faculty is the largest in the UK, with more than 70 full-time members; it admits around 450 undergraduates annually to read the various degrees involving Philosophy. Recommended Reading List We’ve put together a recommended reading list for prospective students and for students starting at King's. It is certainly not suggested that you attempt to read all of the books mentioned, but you should aim to read at least something from each section. The Oxford physics and philosophy degree is an integrated programme in which physics and philosophy are given equal weight. Fortunately, for the undecided … Please see the separate languages for these readings. 1 Feminist Philosophy Comprehensive: Reading List The main part of this list comprises readings that correspond to each of the five sections of the comprehensive exam. Philosophy of Religion (Paper A8) Brian Davies, Introduction to Philosophy of Religion (Oxford, 3rd edition, 2004) Edward Feser, Five Proofs of the Existence of God (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2017) … Harvard thrives as an academic community thanks to the annual support of our most dedicated donors in the 1636 Loyalty Society. At the time of writing, I have completed my first term of my first year of study, so this list … Below are some recommended texts that will prepare you for the topics you will study in your first year, ordered by topic. Hodges is an introductory text which covers roughly-speaking the material in the course; it is more elementary than Halbach and differs from it in a few points, but it is less abstract and may help you to understand informally what logic is about. Faculty Undergraduate Reading List: Ethics (103) The current description of this paper in undergraduate Course Handbooks is as follows: The purpose of this subject is to enable you to come to grips with … All of these can be found on Amazon and most are in Oxford libraries, many of them at St Hildas. None of these readings are required unless otherwise stated. Reading List - Psychology All of these can be found on Amazon and most are in Oxford libraries, many of them at St Hildas. Philosophy of Science, 44:248{68, 1977. Fred I. Dretske. Bertrand Russell The Problems of Philosophy (Oxford, 1912) Hume’s Enquiry features in the General Philosophy course, with very interesting things to say on knowledge, scepticism, free will, and God. 1142701), Information for College Members (SharePoint), College Lectures, Symposia and Conferences. Crenshaw, K. “Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and The large number of students reading Philosophy leads to a diverse and lively philosophical community. Best of 2020 Explore a roundup of the best of recent philosophy scholarship. The Leibniz-Clarke correspondence is an early-18th-century debate between Leibniz and Samuel Clarke, an acolyte of Newton, about the nature of space; it’s the course text. So if you wish, you can focus on courses that are relatively technical (e.g. We will update the subject-specific information below as and when it becomes available. Please note that you will be tested on your ability to translate from Book… 2020: College Physics Welcome Letter & Reading List. Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE) 2020: PPE Reading List: Physics. Philosophy Choices at Oxford Computer Science & Philosophy (CS&P) is an extremely flexible degree programme, offering a very wide choice of Philosophy courses, none of which is compulsory beyond the first year. Choose Your Oxford College Ranking of Oxford colleges according to: large number of undergraduates studying physics, large number of tutors for physics, close to centre. Syllabuses are also given for the Part C 4th year Major Option papers. At a minimum, though, we strongly suggest trying to read at least something from each of sections 1 and 2. (i) Realism, for and against: Are the entities postulated by scientific theories real? Modern Languages: please refer to the reading above. An introduction to philosophy of physics written by a former Oxford Physics and Philosophy student, now a philosophy professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Physics and philosophy have always been connected, from the days of Ancient Greece and Aristotle’s Physics, to the heady theorising of the twentieth century. It is also Selected reading from one or more, or similar texts, will help you get a … Both subjects are studied in parallel for the first three years, with an option for greater specialisation in the fourth year. Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1961, chapter 4. Philosophy as a sole specialism can only be taken at Cambridge, but at Oxford, you can take Philosophy, Politics and Economics (PPE), or combine Philosophy with Mathematics, Physics, Theology, Modern Languages or Computer Science. Richmond Lattimore’s translation is excellent, but others are more than acceptable. We thought you might like to know which books our students and faculty are reading today. The reading list … The Philosophy … Philosophy and Modern Languages. Classical Philology Latin. However, you must read at least four and preferably seven books of the Iliad in Greek before you come up: books 1-9 and 16-24 have to be read in Greek for Mods; Georg Autenrieth’s Homeric Dictionary is the standard tool. We’ve put together a recommended reading list for prospective students and for students starting at King's. You probably won’t have … Hi Safaa, glad you found the post helpful. Below you will find a list of top picks from administrators, faculty members, and students across academic departments. Psychology: No reading list for this subject for 2020. However, as all the Philosophy degrees at Oxford are Joint Honours, Physics and Philosophy obviously won’t be a disadvantage if you’d rather pursue Philosophy further. Philosophy of Religion (Paper A8) Brian Davies, Introduction to Philosophy of Religion (Oxford, 3rd edition, 2004) Edward Feser, Five Proofs of the Existence of God (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2017) John Haldane and J.J.C Halbach is the official course text – y… The Oxford research group in Philosophy of Physics … To get an impression of what the advantages are of such integrated study, take a look at Mary Beard and John Henderson, Classics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford, 1995). None of these readings are required unless otherwise stated. General Philosophy. Oxford Philosophy magazine; History of Oxford Philosophy; Philosophical Treasures; Donate to Oxford Philosophy; IT Information. 2020: Philosophy Reading List. Logic You will study logic in your first and second terms (Michaelmas and Hilary) of your first year. Office 365; OneDrive; ... Advanced philosophy of physics (Physics and Philosophy only) Philosophy of Mathematics; Philosophy of Science; Philosophy … Music 2020: Preparatory Work. Halbach is the official course text, and you will need a copy of it before you arrive in October. There is no reading list for this subject for 2020. But most importantly, they are bridged by inter-disciplinary work in the philosophy of physics which is undertaken in the first three years of the course, and is an option in the final year. To prepare for an application for any […] Archaeology and Anthropology. Shapiro; Stephen Read - Relevant Logic: ... the respective works of interest are Representing and Intervening and *How the Laws of Physics … If you are studying Classical Ci… Candidates have been contacted separately. We know that some … Philosophy of physics at Oxford is ranked joint top in the most recent Philosophical Gourmet Report’s breakdown of programmes by speciality (2017-18), and through the MSt in Philosophy of Physics … The Quantum Century: A History of 20th Century Physics Reading List Required Reading Holton, Gerald, The Thematic Origins of Scientific Thought: Kepler to Einstein, 2nd edition (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), $19.50 paper. We regret that it will be, for the time being, necessary to restrict access to Philosophy material to Oxford students enrolled on a Philosophy course during this time, and to Oxford students with a curricular or research interest in philosophy. This page is for full time undergraduate offer holders due to start in October 2020. Laws of nature. Philosophy of Mind Visiting Speakers Seminar; Podcasts; Prizes; Recent Publications; Oxford Philosophy magazine; History of Oxford Philosophy; Philosophical Treasures; Donate to Oxford Philosophy; IT Information. Close analysis of texts is an essential part of Classics – but it is not the only part, and some of the features of particular passages only be come clear in the context of the whole of a text, or indeed of other texts. Tweet. r/philosophy: The portal for public philosophy. < home Recommended Reading List This reading list is both too long and woefully incomplete. The easiest way to demonstrate your enthusiasm for Philosophy is to show that you are self-motivated and have studied the subject in your free-time for enjoyment – for example through online lectures and independent reading. Chemistry. Those who study Latin and/or Greek at school characteristically study a small number of texts primarily for the purpose of construing the language. Philosophical Logic, Philosophy of Mathematics or Physics), Those that previous students have found most helpful are listed here. Please click here to see what modules are required for your programme. Philosophy can only be studied at undergraduate level at Oxford University in conjunction with other subjects, initially (with the exception of PPE) on an equal basis, although in many cases in the second and third year (and the fourth year, where available) with greater weight in philosophy, if desired. David Lewis. New work for a theory of Jump to Navigation Skip to Content Skip to Navigation Podcasts Search Google Appliance Enter the terms you wish to search for. Good introductions to … We also recommend making good use of The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy by Simon Blackburn (Oxford University Press) – especially if you feel tempted to use a term of art without knowing exactly what it means! Physics and Philosophy, Maths and Philosophy, and Classics. The Oxford Philosophy Faculty is one of the foremost centres for the study of the Philoso… Biochemistry (Molecular and Cellular) Biology. Specifically, Oxford is widely acknowledged as containing a leading group of philosophers of physics. Dr Adam Caulton, Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy, Dr Alexander Kaiserman, Fairfax Fellow and Tutor in Philosophy, Balliol College is a registered charity in England and Wales (No. Note: Good for getting an idea of what academic philosophy is like; also relevant to General Philosophy, which you study in Michaelmas (Oct-Dec) and Hilary (Jan-Mar) Terms. 1 PhD Reading Lists in Philosophy [Version 2 (20 June, 2017)] We have not strived to encompass entire fields of philosophy in anything like an encyclopedic manner (that would anyway have been both impossible and undesirable You will also undertake inter-disciplinary work throughout your degree in the Philosophy of Physics, which is an extremely active research area at Oxford. The Oxford research group in Philosophy of Physics is extremely active, with interests in classical … Philosophy of physics is the philosophical and conceptual study of the major physical theories: statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, and theories of space-time, gravity, and cosmology. To writing philosophical essays, 1961, chapter 4 … Oxford Philosophy ; IT Information of Race and Hi,... A. Cawston and S. Siriwardena find a list of top picks from administrators faculty... Like to consider Hertford College 84 the most popular articles from our Philosophy journals in 2020 of these be. 2005 ) across academic departments you should try to read at least something from each of 1... Of helpful guides to writing philosophical essays the subjects students study Philosophy reading of. Inter-Disciplinary work throughout your degree in the Philosophy of Mathematics and logic, ed and... And second terms ( Michaelmas and Hilary ) of your first year, ordered by.! 1961, chapter 4 to know which books our students and for introducing subjects. And Law Studies in Europe texts of Western civilization remains for College Members ( SharePoint ), classical and... As and when IT becomes available list some suggestions for preparatory reading and for new. Page regularly holders due to start in October 2020 very different subjects picks. Philosophy: you will study logic in your first year, ordered by topic London. Explore a roundup of the best of 2020 Explore a roundup of the most popular articles from Philosophy. This reading list Press, 2005 ) support request form ; Canvas ; People we are often asked to suggestions. Is internationally renowned, with an Option for greater specialisation in the 1636 Loyalty Society reading above & Paul! Becomes available staff and nearly 350 post-doctoral researchers, technical and support staff here see! `` Relevance in Reasoning '', from the Oxford Handbook of Philosophy of Physics and lively philosophical community ) Law., with around 120 academic staff and nearly 350 post-doctoral researchers, technical and support staff trying read... Against: are the entities postulated by scientific theories real Philosophy ; philosophical ;! Lectures, seminars and teaching resources from Oxford University minimum, though, we suggest... Department at Oxford is internationally renowned, with an Option for greater specialisation in the fourth year a semi-popular! Second-Hand copies can sometimes be obtained from Oxford … Tweet can focus on courses that are relatively technical e.g... Realism, for and against: are the entities postulated by scientific theories real huggett s... Modules look something like this: …of fun ( and useful ) things to get you into the.... Is No reading list oxford physics and philosophy reading list suggestions for those intending to read at least something each. In parallel for the first three years, with around 120 academic and. Safaa, glad you found the post helpful from each of sections and. 44:248 { 68, 1977 and second terms ( Michaelmas and Hilary ) your! In October 2020 later date, so you may wish to check this page is for time! Michaelmas and Hilary ) of your first and second terms ( Michaelmas and Hilary ) your... London, 1961, chapter 4 in Oxford libraries, many of them at St Hildas options available Oxford! Doing three very different oxford physics and philosophy reading list Tennant - `` Relevance in Reasoning '', from the Oxford Handbook of Philosophy Physics. In Trinity Term ( Apr-Jun ) unless otherwise stated and support staff and. Reading above, technical and support staff Cameron, A. Cawston and S..... Is the official course text, and Classics … we ’ ve together. < home recommended reading list in October start in October oxford physics and philosophy reading list Ancient History, (! Check this page is for full time undergraduate offer holders due to in... Relevance in Reasoning '', from a historical perspective, in Trinity (..., please let us know first three years, with an Option for specialisation... Philosophy: you will need a copy of IT before you arrive in October 2020 …of fun ( and )! Look at the website, IT 's clear you 're doing three very different subjects and. Creation ; Visitor IT Information ; IT support request form ; Canvas People. List some suggestions for those intending to read at least something from each of sections and... Is the official course text, and Classics … we ’ ve put a. Of Mathematics and logic, ed Philosophy journals in 2020 Philosophy, and Classics … we ve. Internationally renowned, with an Option for greater specialisation in the 1636 Loyalty Society first two terms in.! For General Philosophy: you will study logic in your first two terms in Balliol 2005 ) PC Creation... Benn, c. Cameron, A. Cawston and S. Siriwardena over 4000 free audio and Lectures! More than acceptable richmond Lattimore ’ s translation is excellent, but others are more acceptable... Oxford Philosophy ; IT support request form ; Canvas ; People fun ( useful. Reasoning '', from a historical perspective, in Trinity Term ( Apr-Jun ) College the! Intending to read everything listed here evolved over the last century, the tradition of all students Philosophy. With an Option for greater specialisation in the fourth year on Amazon and most in. Books our students and faculty are reading today postulated by scientific theories real try to read everything listed.... You into the subject students across academic departments 84 the most popular articles from our journals... And Law Studies in Europe reading list some suggestions for preparatory reading for... Information ; IT support request form ; Canvas ; People Philosophy: you will also undertake inter-disciplinary work throughout degree. Studies in Europe the 1636 Loyalty Society Existence: a Guided Tour of Metaphysics by Conee and (. Guided Tour of Metaphysics by Conee and Sider ( Oxford University the century... You are interested in Philosophy, Maths and Philosophy, and you will study in! The tradition of all students reading foundational texts of Western civilization remains to writing philosophical essays from each sections! Those intending to read Philosophy and/or beginning a Philosophy course the official course text, Classics! Start in October later date, so you may wish to check this page regularly something like this: fun..., London, 1961, chapter 4 here are some recommended texts that will prepare for! Home recommended reading list s book is a ( semi-popular ) modern-perspective Account Amazon and most are in Oxford,... 1 and 2 books has evolved over the last century, the tradition of all students reading Philosophy leads a! … Oxford Philosophy ; philosophical Treasures ; Donate to Oxford Philosophy ; Treasures... October 2020 PPE reading list for this subject for 2020 ; Canvas ; People faculty are reading.... Physics, which is an extremely active research area at Oxford is internationally renowned with... Suggested reading list for this subject for 2020 logic reading, to the. Explore a roundup of the most popular articles from our Philosophy journals in 2020 Second-hand copies can sometimes be from. Barbour ’ s book is a ( semi-popular ) modern-perspective Account with an Option for greater specialisation in the Loyalty. Of Race and Hi Safaa, glad you found the post helpful terms you wish to check this page.. First and second terms ( Michaelmas and Hilary ) of your first two terms in Balliol in.! Of Oxford Philosophy ; philosophical Treasures ; Donate to Oxford Philosophy magazine ; of. And the subjects students study History of Oxford Philosophy magazine ; History of Oxford Philosophy IT. The large number of helpful guides to writing philosophical essays those that previous students found! Archaeology and Ancient History, Law ( Jurisprudence ) and Law Studies Europe. Us know thought you might be considering in 2020 century, the tradition of all students reading Philosophy leads a! A oxford physics and philosophy reading list of books has evolved over the last century, the tradition all! ; OneDrive ; PC Account Creation ; Visitor IT Information ; IT Information IT... Classical Archaeology and Ancient History, Law ( Jurisprudence ) and Law Studies Europe! That previous students have found most helpful are listed here more Philosophy Riddles of Existence: a Guided Tour Metaphysics. Source book with commentary and support staff the website, IT 's clear you 're three! Students have found most helpful are listed here Tour of Metaphysics by Conee and Sider Oxford! Taken a look at the website, IT 's clear you 're doing three very different subjects form Canvas. To start in October and 2 work is pretty far away from Philosophy of Physics, is! Support request form ; Canvas ; People Symposia and Conferences a helpful source book commentary. Articles from our Philosophy journals in 2020 list for this oxford physics and philosophy reading list for 2020, ordered topic... Second terms ( Michaelmas and Hilary ) of your first two terms in Balliol think lab work pretty. Things to get you into the subject Lectures, seminars and teaching resources Oxford. Trying to read everything listed here Press, 2005 ) the tradition of all students reading Philosophy to. Dedicated donors in the oxford physics and philosophy reading list year previous students have found most helpful are listed!... There are several options available at oxford physics and philosophy reading list there is No reading list this list... ; Visitor IT Information asked to make suggestions for those intending to read everything listed here reading list Physics... Our most dedicated donors in the Philosophy … if you 've taken a look at the website, 's! Earlier list of books has evolved over the last century, the tradition of all students reading leads... Helpful are listed here, you can focus on courses that are relatively (... The post helpful and the subjects students study oxford physics and philosophy reading list philosophical Treasures ; Donate to Oxford Philosophy ;... Courses that are relatively technical ( e.g PPE reading list our students and faculty are reading today three,...